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the　countries　of　the　torrid　zone　have　been　brought　infinitely



nearer　to　the　countries　of　the　temperate　zone；　their　mutual



commercial　intercourse　has　infinitely　increased　through　diminution



of　risk；　of　time　employed　and　of　freights；　and　through　greater



regularity；　and　it　will　increase　infinitely　more　as　soon　as　steam



navigation　has　become　general；　and　the　systems　of　railways　extend



themselves　to　the　interior　of　Asia；　Africa；　and　South　America。



　　　　Through　the　secession　of　South　America　from　Spain　and　Portugal；



and　through　the　dissolution　of　the　Turkish　Empire；　a　mass　of　the



most　fertile　territories　of　the　earth　have　been　liberated；　which



now　await　with　longing　desire　for　the　civilised　nations　of　the



earth　to　lead　them　in　peaceful　concord　along　the　path　of　the



security　of　law　and　order；　of　civilisation　and　prosperity；　and



which　require　nothing　more　than　that　manufactured　goods　should　be



brought　to　them；　and　their　own　productions　taken　in　exchange。



　　　　One　may　see　that　there　is　sufficient　room　here　for　all



countries　of　Europe　and　North　America　which　are　fitted　to　develop



a　manufacturing　power　of　their　own；　to　bring　their　manufacturing



production　into　full　activity；　to　augment　their　own　consumption　of



the　products　of　tropical　countries；　and　to　extend　in　the　same



proportion　their　direct　commercial　intercourse　with　the　latter。











NOTES：







1。　Esprit　des　Lois；　Book　xx。　chap。　xii。







Chapter　22







The　manufacturing　Power　and　Navigation；　Naval　Power　and



Colonization







　　　　Manufactures　as　the　basis　of　a　large　home　and　foreign　commerce



are　also　the　fundamental　conditions　of　the　existence　of　any



considerable　mercantile　marine。　Since　the　most　important　function



of　inland　transport　consists　in　supplying　manufacturers　with　fuel



and　building　materials；　raw　materials　and　means　of　subsistence；　the



coast　and　river　navigation　cannot　well　prosper　in　a　merely



agricultural　State。　The　coast　navigation；　however；　is　the　school



and　the　dep魌　of　sailors；　ships'　captains；　and　of　shipbuilding；　and



hence　in　merely　agricultural　countries　the　main　foundation　for　any



large　maritime　navigation　is　lacking。



　　　　International　commerce　consists　principally　（as　we　have　shown



in　the　previous　chapter）　in　the　interchange　of　manufactured　goods



for　raw　materials　and　natural　products；　and　especially　for　the



products　of　tropical　countries。　But　the　agricultural　countries　of



the　temperate　zone　have　merely　to　offer　to　the　countries　of　the



torrid　zone　what　they　themselves　produce；　or　what　they　cannot　make



use　of；　namely；　raw　materials　and　articles　of　food；　hence　direct



commercial　intercourse　between　them　and　the　countries　of　the　torrid



zone；　and　the　ocean　transport　which　arises　from　it；　is　not　to　be



expected。　Their　consumption　of　colonial　produce　must　be　limited　to



those　quantities　for　which　they　can　pay　by　the　sale　of　agricultural



products　and　raw　materials　to　the　manufacturing　and　commercial



nations；　they　must　consequently　procure　these　articles　second…hand。



In　the　commercial　intercourse　between　an　agricultural　nation　and　a



manufacturing　commercial　nation；　however；　the　greatest　part　of　the



sea　transport　must　fall　to　the　latter；　even　if　it　is　not　in　its



power　by　means　of　navigation　laws　to　secure　the　lion's　share　to



itself。



　　　　Besides　internal　and　international　commerce；　sea　fisheries



occupy　a　considerable　number　of　ships；　but　again　from　this　branch



of　industry；　as　a　rule；　nothing　or　very　little　falls　to　the



agricultural　nation；　as　there　cannot　exist　in　it　much　demand　for



the　produce　of　the　sea；　and　the　manufacturing　commercial　nations



are；　out　of　regard　to　the　maintenance　of　their　naval　power；



accustomed　to　protect　their　home　market　exclusively　for　their　own



sea　fisheries。



　　　　The　fleet　recruits　its　sailors　and　pilots　from　the　private



mercantile　marine；　and　experience　has　as　yet　always　taught　that



able　sailors　cannot　be　quickly　drilled　like　land　troops；　but　must



be　trained　up　by　serving　in　the　coasting　and　international



navigation　and　in　sea　fisheries。　The　naval　power　of　nations　will



therefore　always　be　on　the　same　footing　with　these　branches　of



maritime　industry；　it　will　consequently　in　the　case　of　the　mere



agricultural　nation　be　almost　nil。



　　　　The　highest　means　of　development　of　the　manufacturing　power；　of



the　internal　and　external　commerce　proceeding　from　it；　of　any



considerable　coast　and　sea　navigation；　of　extensive　sea　fisheries；



and　consequently　of　a　respectable　naval　power；　are　colonies。



　　　　The　mother　nation　supplies　the　colonies　with　manufactured



goods；　and　obtains　in　return　their　surplus　produce　of　agricultural



products　and　raw　materials；　this　interchange　gives　activity　to　its



manufactures；　augments　thereby　its　population　and　the　demand　for



its　internal　agricultural　products；　and　enlarges　its　mercantile



marine　and　naval　power。　The　superior　power　of　the　mother　country　in



population；　capital；　and　enterprising　spirit；　obtains　through



colonisation　an　advantageous　outlet；　which　is　again　made　good　with



interest　by　the　fact　that　a　considerable　portion　of　those　who　have



enriched　themselves　in　the　colony　bring　back　the　capital　which　they



have　acquired　there；　and　pour　it　into　the　lap　of　the　mother　nation；



or　expend　their　income　in　it。



　　　　Agricultural　nations；　which　already　need　the　means　of　forming



colonies；　also　do　not　possess　the　power　of　utilising　and



maintaining　them。　What　the　colonies　require；　cannot　be　offered　by



them；　and　what　they　can　offer　the　colony　itself　possesses。



　　　　The　exchange　of　manufactured　goods　for　natural　products　is　the



fundamental　condition　on　which　the　position　of　the　present　colonies



continues。　On　that　account　the　United　States　of　North　America



seceded　from　England　as　soon　as　they　felt　the　necessity　and　the



power　of　manufacturing　for　themselves；　of　carrying　on　for



themselves　navigation　and　commerce　with　the　countries　of　the　torrid



zone；　on　that　account　Canada　will　also　secede　after　she　has　reached



the　same　point；　on　that　account　independent　agricultural



manufacturing　commercial　States　will　also　arise　in　the　countries　of



temperate　climate　in　Australia　in　the　course　of　time。



　　　　But　this　exchange　between　the　countries　of　the　temperate　zone



and　the　countries　of　the　torrid　zone　is　based　upon　natural　causes；



and　will　be　so　for　all　time。　Hence　India　has　given　up　her



manufacturing　power　with　her　independence　to　England；　hence　all



Asiatic　countries　of　the　torrid　zone　will　pass　gradually　under　the



dominion　of　the　manufacturing　commercial　nations　of　the　temperate



zone；　hence　the　islands　of　the　torrid　zone　which　are　at　present



dependent　colonies　can　hardly　ever　liberate　themselves　from　that



condition；　and　the　States　of　South　America　will　always　remain



dependent　to　a　certain　degree　on　the　manufacturing　commercial



nations。



　　　　England　owes　her　immense　colonial　possessions　solely　to　her



surpassing　manufacturing　power。　If　the　other　European　nations　wish



also　to　partake　of　the　profitable　business　of　cultivating　waste



territories　and　civilising　barbarous　nations；　or　nations　once



civilised　but　which　are　again　sunk　in　barbarism；　they　must　commence



with　the　development　of　their　own　internal　manufacturing　powers；　of



their　mercantile　marine；　and　of　their　naval　power。　And　should　they



be　hindered　in　these　endeavours　by　England's　manufacturing；



commercial；　and　naval　supremacy；　in　the　union　of　their　powers　lies



the　only　means　of　reducing　such　unreasonable　pretensions　to



reasonable　ones。







Chapter　23







The　Manufacturing　Power　and　the　Instrument　of　Circulation







　　　　If　the　experience　of　the　last　twenty…five　years　has　confirmed；



as　being　partly　correct；　the　principles　which　have　been　set　up　by



the　prevailing　theory　in　contradiction　to　the　ideas　of　the



so…called　'mercantile'　system　on　the　circulation　of　the　precious



metals　and　on　the　balance　of　trade；　it　has；　on　the　other　hand；



brought　to　light　important　weak　points　in　that　theory　respecting



those　subjects。



　　　　Experience　has　proved　repeatedly　（and　especially　in　Russia　and



North　America）　that　in　agricultural　nations；　whose　manufacturing



market　is　exposed　to　the　free　competition　of　a　nation　which　has



attained　manufacturing　supremacy；　the　value　of　the　importation　of



manufactured　goods　exceeds　frequently　to　an　enormous　extent　the



value　of　the　agricultural　products　which　are　exported；　and　that



thereby　at　times　suddenly　an　extraordinary　exportat