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unemployed　will　be　developed；　and　especially　because　the　reciprocal



exchange　between　manufacturing　power　and　agricultural　power　is　so



much　greater；　the　closer　the　agriculturist　and　manufacturer　are



placed　to　one　another；　and　the　less　they　are　liable　to　be



interrupted　in　the　exchange　of　their　various　products　by　accidents



of　all　kinds。



　　　　In　my　letters　to　Mr。　Charles　J。　Ingersoll；　President　of　the



Society　for　Promoting　Arts　and　Industries　in　Philadelphia；　of　the



year　1828　（entitled；　'Outlines　of　a　New　System　of　Political



Economy'）；　I　tried　to　explain　the　advantages　of　a　union　of　the



manufacturing　power　with　agriculture　in　one　and　the　same　country；



and　under　one　and　the　same　political　power；　in　the　following



manner。　Supposing　you　did　not　understand　the　art　of　grinding　corn；



which　has　certainly　been　a　great　art　in　its　time；　supposing　further



that　the　art　of　baking　bread　had　remained　unknown　to　you；　as



（according　to　Anderson）　the　real　art　of　salting　herrings　was　still



unknown　to　the　English　in　the　seventeenth　century；　supposing；



therefore；　that　you　had　to　send　your　corn　to　England　to　be　ground



into　flour　and　baked　into　bread；　how　large　a　quantity　of　your　corn



would　not　the　English　retain　as　pay　for　the　grinding　and　baking；



how　much　of　it　would　the　carters；　seamen；　and　merchants　consume；



who　would　have　to　be　employed　in　exporting　the　corn　and　importing



the　bread；　and　how　much　would　come　back　into　the　hands　of　those　who



cultivated　the　corn？　There　is　no　doubt　that　by　such　a　process　the



foreign　trade　would　receive　a　considerable　impetus；　but　it　is　very



doubtful　whether　this　intercourse　would　be　specially　advantageous



to　the　welfare　and　independence　of　the　nation。　Consider　only　in



case　of　a　war　breaking　out　between　your　country　（the　United　States）



and　Great　Britain；　what　would　be　the　situation　of　those　who



produced　corn　for　the　English　mills　and　bakehouses；　and　on　the



other　hand　the　situation　of　those　who　had　become　accustomed　to　the



taste　of　the　English　bread。　Just　as；　however；　the　economical



prosperity　of　the　corn…cultivating　interest　requires　that　the　corn



millers　should　live　in　its　vicinity；　so　also　does　the　prosperity　of



the　farmer　especially　require　that　the　manufacturer　should　live



close　to　him；　so　also　does　the　prosperity　of　a　flat　and　open



country　require　that　a　prosperous　and　industrial　town　should　exist



in　its　centre；　and　so　does　the　prosperity　of　the　whole　agriculture



of　a　country　require　that　its　own　manufacturing　power　should　be



developed　in　the　highest　possible　degree。



　　　　Let　us　compare　the　condition　of　agriculture　in　the　vicinity　of



a　populous　town　with　its　condition　when　carried　on　in　distant



provinces。　In　the　latter　case　the　farmer　can　only　cultivate　for



sale　those　products　which　can　bear　a　long　transport；　and　which



cannot　be　supplied　at　cheaper　prices　and　in　better　quality　from



districts　lying　nearer　to　those　who　purchase　them。　A　larger　portion



of　his　profits　will　be　absorbed　by　the　costs　of　transport。　He　will



find　it　difficult　to　procure　capital　which　he　may　employ　usefully



on　his　farm。　From　want　of　better　examples　and　means　of　education　he



will　not　readily　be　led　to　avail　himself　of　new　processes；　of



better　implements；　and　of　new　methods　of　cultivation。　The　labourer



himself；　from　want　of　good　example；　of　stimulus　to　exertion；　and　to



emulation　in　the　exercise　of　his　productive　powers；　will　only



develop　those　powers　inefficiently；　and　will　indulge　himself　in



loitering　about　and　in　idleness。



　　　　On　the　other　hand；　in　the　proximity　of　the　town；　the　farmer　is



in　a　position　to　use　every　patch　of　land　for　those　crops　which　best



suit　the　character　of　the　soil。　He　will　produce　the　greatest



variety　of　things　to　the　best　advantage。　Garden　produce；　poultry；



eggs；　milk；　butter；　fruit；　and　especially　articles　which　the　farmer



residing　at　a　distance　considers　insignificant　and　secondary



things；　will　bring　to　the　farmer　near　the　town　considerable　profit。



While　the　distant　farmer　has　to　depend　mainly　on　the　mere　breeding



of　cattle；　the　other　will　make　much　better　profits　from　fattening



them；　and　will　thereby　be　led　to　perfect　his　cultivation　of　root



crops　and　fodder。　He　can　utilise　with　much　profit　a　number　of



things　which　are　of　little　or　no　use　to　the　distant　farmer；　e。g。



stone；　sand；　water　power；　&c。　The　most　numerous　and　best　machines



and　implements　as　well　as　all　means　for　his　instruction；　are　close



at　hand。　It　will　be　easy　for　him　to　accumulate　the　capital



necessary　for　the　improvement　of　his　farm。　Landed　proprietors　and



workmen；　by　the　means　of　recreation　which　the　town　affords；　the



emulation　which　it　excites　among　them；　and　the　facility　of　making



profits；　will　be　incited　to　exert　all　their　mental　and　bodily



powers　for　the　improvement　of　their　condition。　And　precisely　the



same　difference　exists　between　a　nation　which　unites　agriculture



and　manufactures　on　its　own　territory；　and　a　nation　which　can　only



exchange　its　own　agricultural　products　for　foreign　manufactured



goods。



　　　　The　whole　social　state　of　a　nation　will　be　chiefly　determined



by　the　principle　of　the　variety　and　division　of　occupations　and　the



cooperation　of　its　productive　powers。　What　the　pin　is　in　the　pin



manufactory；　that　the　national　well…being　is　to　the　large　society



which　we　term　'the　nation。'　The　most　important　division　of



occupations　in　the　nation　is　that　between　the　mental　and　material



ones。　Both　are　mutually　dependent　on　one　another。　The　more　the



mental　producers　succeed　in　promoting　morality；　religion；



enlightenment；　increase　of　knowledge；　extension　of　liberty　and　of



perfection　of　political　institutions　　security　of　persons　and



property　within　the　State；　and　the　independence　and　power　of　the



nation　externally　　so　much　greater　will　be　the　production　of



material　Wealth。　On　the　other　hand；　the　more　goods　that　the



material　producers　produce；　the　more　will　mental　production　be



capable　of　being　promoted。



　　　　The　most　important　division　of　occupations；　and　the　most



important　co…operation　of　productive　powers　in　material　production；



is　that　of　agriculture　and　manufacture。　Both　depend　mutually　upon



one　another；　as　we　have　shown。



　　　　As　in　the　pin　manufactory；　so　also　in　the　nation　does　the



productiveness　of　every　individual　　of　every　separate　branch　of



production　　and　finally　of　the　whole　nation　depend　on　the



exertions　of　all　individuals　standing　in　proper　relation　to　one



another。　We　call　this　relation　the　balance　or　the　harmony　of　the



productive　powers。　It　is　possible　for　a　nation　to　possess　too　many



philosophers；　philologers；　and　literati；　and　too　few　skilled



artisans；　merchants；　and　seamen。　This　is　the　consequence　of　highly



advanced　and　learned　culture　which　is　not　supported　by　a　highly



advanced　manufacturing　power　and　by　an　extensive　internal　and



external　trade；　it　is　as　if　in　a　pin　manufactory　far　more　pin　heads



were　manufactured　than　pin　points。　The　surplus　pin　heads　in　such　a



nation　are：　a　mass　of　useless　books；　subtle　theoretical　systems；



and　learned　controversies；　through　which　the　mind　of　the　nation　is



more　obscured　than　cultivated；　and　is　withdrawn　from　useful



occupations；　consequently　its　productive　powers　are　retarded　in



their　progress　almost　as　much　as　if　it　possessed　too　many　priests



and　too　few　instructors　of　youth；　too　many　soldiers　and　too　few



politicians；　too　many　administrators　and　too　few　judges　and



defenders　of　justice　and　right。



　　　　A　nation　which　only　carries　on　agriculture；　is　an　individual



who　in　his　material　production　lacks　one　arm。　Commerce　is　merely



the　medium　of　exchange　between　the　agricultural　and　the



manufacturing　power；　and　between　their　separate　branches。　A　nation



which　exchanges　agricultural　products　for　foreign　manufactured



goods　is　an　individual　with　one　arm；　which　is　supported　by　a



foreign　arm。　This　support　may　be　useful　to　it；　but　not　so　useful　as



if　it　possessed　two　arms　itself；　and　this　because　its　activity　is



dependent　on　the　caprice　of　the　foreigner。　In　possession　of　a



manufacturing　power　of　its　own；　it　can　produce　as　much　provisions



and　raw　materials　as　the　home　manufacturers　can　consume；　but　if



dependent　upon　foreign　manufacturers；　it　can　merely　produce　as　much



surplus　as　foreign　nations　do　not　care　to　produce　for　themselves；



and　which　they　are　obliged　to　buy　from　another　country。



　　　　As　between　the　different　districts　of　one　and　the　same　country；



so　does　the　division　of　labour　and　the　co…operation　of　the