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26; either as individuals or legislators; declare the king guilty。

None of the other 11 declare him innocent。



'33' 〃Dictionnaire biographique;〃 by Eymery; 1807 (4 vols)。 The

situation of the conventionists who survive the Revolution may here be

ascertained。 Most of them will become civil or criminal judges;

prefects; commissaries of police; heads of bureaus; post…office

employees; or registry clerks; collectors; review…inspectors; etc。 The

following is the proportion of regicides among those thus in office:

Out of 23 prefects 21 voted for the king'' death; 42 out of 43

magistrates voted for it; the 43rd being ill at the time of the

sentence。 Of 5 senators 4 voted for his death; and 14 deputies out of

16。 Out of 36 other functionaries of various kinds 35 voted for death。

Among the remaining regicides we again find 2 councillors of state; 4

diplomatic agents and consuls; 2 generals; 2 receiver…generals; 1

commissary…general of the police; 1 minister in the cabinet of King

Joseph; the minister of police; and the arch…chancellor of the empire。



'34' Buchez et Roux; XIX; 97; session of Sept。 25; 1792。 Marat states:

〃 'I have many personal enemies in this assembly。' 'All! all!' exclaim

the entire Assembly; indignantly rising。〃 … Ibid。; XIX。 9; 49; 63;

338。



'35'  〃Right〃 and 〃Left〃; only refers to the right and left wings of

the hemicycles of the hall in which the Assembly meets。 The Plain and

the Mountain refer to the same Assembly but here to those on the lower

or the upper benches。(SR)。



'36' Meillan; 〃Mémoires;〃 20。 … Buchez et Roux; XXVI。 Session of April

15; 1793。 Denunciation of the Twenty…two Girondists by the sections of

Paris: Royer…Fonfrède regrets 〃that his name is not inscribed on this

honorable list。 'And all of us … all! All!' exclaim three…quarters of

the Assembly; rising from their seats。〃



'37' The Philosophe Denis Diderot (1713…84) was largely responsible

for the 28 volume Encyclopédie (1751…729; which incorporated the

latest knowledge and progressive ideas; and which helped spread the

ideas of the Enlightenment in France and in other parts of Europe。

(Guinness Encyclopedia)。



'38'  〃Archives Nationales;〃 A。F。 45。 Letter of Thomas Paine to

Danton; May 6; 1792 (in English)。 〃I do not know better men or better

patriots。〃 This letter; compared with the speeches or publications of

the day; produces a singular impression through its practical good

sense。 This Anglo…American; however radical he may be; relies on

nothing but experience and example in his political discussions。



'39'  Cf。 The memoirs of Buzot; Barbaroux; Louvet; Madame Roland; etc。



'40'  And for some incomprehensible reason still in fashion at the end

of the 20th Century。 (SR)。



'41' Buchez et Roux; XXIV。 102。  (Plan drawn up by Condorcet; and

reported in the name of the Committee on the Constitution; April 15

and 16; 1793。) Condorcet adds to this a report of his own; of which he

publishes and abstract in the Chronique de Paris。



'42' Buchez et Roux; XXIV。 102。 Condorcet's abstract contains the

following extraordinary sentence: 〃In all free countries the influence

of the populace is feared with reason; but give all men the same

rights and there will be no populace。〃



'43' Cf。 Edmond Biré。 〃La Légende des Girondins;〃 on the part of the

Girondists in all these odious measures。



'44'  These traits are well defined in the charges of the popular

party against them made by Fabre d'Eglantine。 Maillan; 〃Mémoires;〃

323。 (Speech of Fabre d'Eglantine at the Jacobin Club in relation to

the address of the commune; demanding the expulsion of the Twenty…

Two。) 〃You have often taken the people to task; you have even

sometimes tried to flatter them; but there was about this flattery

that aristocratic air of coldness and dislike which could deceive

nobody。 Your  ways of a bourgeois patrician are always perceptible in

your words and acts;  you never wanted to mix with the people。 Here is

your doctrine in few words: after the people have served in

revolutions they must return to dust; be of no account; and allow

themselves to be led by those who know more than they and who are

willing to take the trouble to lead them。 You; Brissot; and especially

you; Pétion; you have received us formally; haughtily; and with

reserve。 You extend to us one finger; but you never grasp the whole

hand。 You have not even refused yourselves that keen delight of the

ambitious; insolence and disdain。〃



'45' Buzot; 〃Mémoires;〃 78。



'46'  Edmond Biré; 〃La légende des Girondins。〃 (Inedited fragments of

the memoirs of Pétion and Barbaroux; quoted by Vatel in 〃Charlotte

Corday and the Girondists;〃 III。 472; 478。)



'47' Buchez et Roux; XXVI。 A financial plan offered by the department

of Hérault adopted by Cambon and rejected by the Girondists。



'48' Buchez et Roux; XXV。 Speech by Vergniaud (April 10); pp。 376;

377; 378。 〃An effort is made to accomplish the Revolution by terror。 I

would accomplish it through love。〃



'49' Maillan; 22。



'50'  Buchez et Roux; XXIV。 109。 Plan of a constitution presented by

Condorcet。 Declaration of rights; article 32。 〃In every free

government the mode of resistance to different acts of oppression

should be regulated by law。〃 … Ibid。; 136。 Title VIII。 Of the

Constitution 〃De la Censure des lois。〃



'51' Buchez et Roux; 93。 Session of the Jacobin Club; April 21; 1793。



'52' Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de la révolution Fran?aise;〃 II。4 (Report of

Dutard; June 6; 1793。) … The mental traits of the Jacobins form a

contrast and are fully visible in the following speeches: 〃We desire

despotically  a popular constitution。〃 (Address of the Paris Jacobin

Club to the clubs in the departments; Jan。 7; 1793。) … Buchez et Roux;

XXIII。 288 … Ibid。; 274。 (Speech by Legros in the Jacobin Club; Jan。

1。) 〃Patriots are not counted; they go by weight。 。 。  One patriot in

a scale weights more than 100;000 aristocrats。 One Jacobin weights

more than 10;000 Feuillants。 One republican weights more than 100;000

monarchists。 One patriot of the Mountain weights more than 100;000

Brissotins。 Hence I conclude that the convention should not be stopped

by the large number of votes against the death…sentence of Louis XVI。;

(and that) even (if there should be) but a minority of the nation

desiring Capet's death。〃 … 〃Applauded。〃 (I am obliged to correct the

last sentence; as it would otherwise be obscure。)



'53' Buzot; 〃Mémoires;〃 33: 〃The majority of French people yearned

after royalty and the Constitution of 1790。 This was the strongest

feeling; and especially at Paris 。 。 This people is only republican

because it is threatened by the guillotine。 。   All its desires; all

its hopes incline to the constitution of 1791。〃…Schmidt; I。 232

(Dutard; May 16)。 Dutard; an old advocate and friend of Garat; is one

of those rare men who see facts behind words; clear…sighted;

energetic; active; abounding in practical counsels; and deserving of a

better chief than Garat。



'54' Schmidt; ibid。; I。 173; 179 (May 1; 1793)。



'55' 〃La Démagogie à en Paris en 1793;〃 p。152。 Dauban (〃Diurnal de

Beaulieu;〃 April 17)。 … 〃Archives Nationales;〃 AF II。 45 (report by

the police; May 20)。 〃The dearness of supplies is the leading cause of

agitation and complaints。〃  (Ib。; May 24)。 〃The calm which now

appear to prevail in Paris will soon be disturbed if the prices of the

prime necessities of life do not shortly diminish。〃   (Ibid。; May

25)。 〃Complaints against dear food increase daily end this

circumstance looks as if it might become one of the motives of

forthcoming events。



'56' Schmidt; I。 198 (Dutard; May 9)。



'57' Schmidt; I。 350; II。 6 (Dutard; May 30; June 7 and 8)。



'58' Durand…Maillane;100: 〃The Girondist party was yet more impious

than Robespierre。〃  A deputy having demanded that mention should be

made of the Supreme Being in the preamble of the constitution;

Vergniaud replied: 〃We have no more to do with Numa's nymph than with

Mahomet's pigeon; reason is sufficient to give France a good

constitution。〃  Buchez et Roux; XIII。 444。 Robespierre having spoken

of the Emperor Leopold's death as a stroke of Providence; Guadet

replies that he sees 〃no sense in that idea;〃 and blames Robespierre

for 〃endeavoring to return the people to slavery of superstition。〃 …

Ibid。; XXVI。 63 (session of April 19; 1793)。 Speech by Vergniaud

against article IX of the Declaration of Rights; which states that

〃all men are free to worship as they please。〃 This article; says

Vergniaud; 〃is a result of the despotism and superstition under which

we have so long languished。〃  Salle : 〃I ask the Convention to draw

up an article by which each citizen; whatever his form of worship;

shall bind himself to submit to the law 〃 … Lanjuinais; who often

ranked along with the Girondists; is a Catholic and confirmed

Gallican。



'59'  Schmidt; I。 347 (Dutard; May 30)。 〃What do I now beho

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