forty centuries of ink-第41部分

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〃Bacteria　in　InkAccording　to　experiments

which　have　recently　been　completed　at　Berlin　and

Leipzig　by　the　leading　bacteriologists　of　Germany

the　ordinary　inks　literally　teem　with　bacilla　of　a

dangerous　character；　the　bacteria　taken　therefrom

sufficing　to　kill　mice　and　rabbits　inoculated　therewith

in　the　space　of　from　one　to　three　days。〃

　*　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*



〃The　most　easy　and　neat　method　of　forming

letters　of　gold　on　paper；　and　for　ornaments　of

writing　is；　by　the　gold　ammoniac；　as　it　was　formerly

called：　the　method　of　managing　which　is　as

follows：



〃Take　gum　ammoniacum；　and　powder　it；　and

then　dissolve　it　in　water　previously　impregnated

with　a　little　gum　arabic；　and　some　juice　of　garlic。

The　gum　ammoniacum　will　not　dissolve　in　water；

so　as　to　form　a　transparent　fluid；　but　produces　a

milky　appearance；　from　whence　the　mixture　is

called　in　medicine　the　lac　ammoniacum。　With　the

lac　ammoniacum　thus　prepared；　draw　with　a　pencil；

or　write　with　a　pen　on　paper；　or　vellum；　the

intended　figure　or　letters　of　the　gilding。　Suffer　the

paper　to　dry；　and　then；　or　any　time　afterwards；

breath　on　it　till　it　be　moistened；　and　immediately

lay　leaves　of　gold；　or　parts　of　leaves　cut　in　the

most　advantageous　manner　to　save　the　gold；　over

the　parts　drawn　or　written　upon　with　the　lac

ammoniacum；　and　press　them　gently　to　the　paper

with　a　ball　of　cotton　or　soft　leather。　When　the

paper　becomes　dry；　which　a　short　time　or　gentle

heat　will　soon　effect；　brush　off；　with　a　soft　pencil；

or　rub　off　by　a　fine　linen　rag；　the　redundant　gold

which　covered　the　parts　between　the　lines　of　the

drawing　or　writing；　and　the　finest　hair　strokes　of

the　pencil　or　pen；　as　well　as　the　broader；　will　appear

perfectly　gilt。〃



It　is　usual　to　see　in　old　manuscripts；　that　are　highly

ornamented；　letters　of　gold　which　rise　considerably

from　the　surface　of　the　paper　or　parchment　containing

them　in　the　manner　of　embossed　work；　and　of　these

some　are　less　shining；　and　others　have　a　very　high

polish。　The　method　of　producing　these　letters　is　of

two　kinds；　the　one　by　friction　on　a　proper　body　with

a　solid　piece　of　gold：　the　other　by　leaf　gold。　The

method　of　making　these　letters　by　means　of　solid　gold

is　as　follows：



〃Take　chrystal；　and　reduce　it　to　powder。　Temper

it　then　with　strong　gum　water；　till　it　be　of　the

consistence　of　paste；　and　with　this　form　the　letters；

and；　when　they　are　dry；　rub　them　with　a

piece　of　gold　of　good　colour；　as　in　the　manner　of

polishing；　and　the　letters　will　appear　as　if　gilt　with

burnisht　gold。〃



（Kunckel；　in　his　fifty　curious　experiments；　has　given

this　receipt；　but　omitted　to　take　the　least　notice　of

the　manner　these　letters　are　to　be　formed；　though

the　most　difficult　circumstance　in　the　production　of

them。）









CHAPTER　XXII。



INK　INDUSTRY。



IMPORTANCE　OF　HONEST　INK　MANUFACTUREABSENCE

OF　INFORMATION　AS　TO　NAMES　OF　MOST　ANCIENT　INK

MAKERS；WHERE　TO　LOOK　FOR　ANCIENT　INKTHEIR

PHENOMENAL　IDENTITYINK　AND　PAPER　AS　ASIATIC

INVENTIONS　ENTER　EUROPE　IN　THE　TWELFTH　CENTURY

BOTH　IN　GENERAL　USE　IN　THE　FOURTEENTH

CENTURYMONKS　AND　SCRIBES　AS　THEIR　OWN　INK

MANUFACTURERSMODERN　INDUSTRY　OF　INK　BEGINS

IN　1625ITS　GROWTH　AND　PRESENT　SITUATIONTHE

GENERAL　IGNORANCE　OF　THE　SUBJECTINK　INDUSTRY

IN　THE　EIGHTEENTH　CENTURYTHE　FIRST　PIONEERS

ABROAD　AND　THOSE　AT　HOMEOBSERVATIONS

RESPECTING　INK　PHENOMENA　OF　THE　PAST　EIGHTY

YEARSWHAT　SOME　INK　MAKERS　SAY　ABOUT　ITLITTLE

DEMAND　FOR　PURE　INKSSOME　SKETCHES　OF　THE

LEADING　INK　MANUFACTURERS　OF　THE　WORLDESTIMATION

OF　QUANTITY　OF　INK　MADE　IN　THE　UNITED

STATESTHE　〃LIFE〃　OF　A　MARK　MADE　WITH　ORDINARY

WRITING　FLUIDESTIMATION　OF　MOST　INKS　BY　PROFESSORS

BAIRD　AND　MARKOEFORMULA　OF　THE　OFFICIAL

INK　OF　THE　STATE　OF　MASSACHUSETTSVIEWS

OF　SOME　PROMINENT　INK　MANUFACTURERS　ABOUT

SUCH　INKSOME　COMMERCIAL　NAMES　BESTOWED　ON

DIFFERENT　INKSTHE　200　OR　MORE　NAMES　OF　INK

MANUFACTURERS　OF　THE　NINETEENTH　CENTURY。



THE　consideration　of　the　effect　of　the　use　of　ink

upon　civilization　from　primitive　times　to　the　present；

as　we　have　seen；　offers　a　most　suggestive　field　and

certifies　to　the　importance　of　the　manufacture　of　honest

inks　as　necessary　to　the　future　enlightenment　of

society。　That　it　has　not　been　fully　understood　or

even　appreciated　goes　without　saying；　a　proper　generalization

becomes　possible　only　in　the　light　of　corroborative

data　and　the　experiences　of　the　many。



History　has　not　given　us　the　names　of　ancient　ink

makers；　but　we　can　believe　there　must　have　been

during　a　period　of　thousands　of　years　a　great　many；

and　that　the　kinds　and　varieties　of　inks　were　without

number。　Those　inks　which　remain　to　us　are　to　be

found　only　as　written　with　on　ancient　MSS。；　they

are　of　but　few　kinds；　and　in　composition　and　appearance

preserve　a　phenomenal　identity；　though　belonging

to　countries　and　epochs　widely　separated。　This

identity　leads　to　the　further　conclusion　that　ink　making

must　have　been　an　industry　at　certain　periods；

overlooked　by　careful　compounders　who　distributed

their　wares　over　a　vast　territory。



〃Gall〃　ink　and　〃linen〃　paper　as　already　stated　are

Asiatic　inventions。　Both　of　them　seem　to　have　entered

Europe　by　way　of　Arabia；　〃hand　in　hand〃　at　the　very

end　of　the　eleventh　or　beginning　of　the　twelfth　centuries

and　for　the　next　two　hundred　years；　notwithstanding

the　fact　that　chemistry　was　almost　an　unknown　science

and　the　secrets　of　the　alchemists　known　only　to　the

few；　this　combination　gradually　came　into　general

vogue。



In　the　fourteenth　century　we　find　one　or　both　of

them　more　or　less　substituted　for　〃Indian〃　ink；　parchment；

vellum　and　〃cotton〃　paper。　It　was；　however；

the　monks　and　scribes　who　manufactured　for　their

own　and　assistants'　use　〃gall〃　ink；　just　as　they　had

been　in　the　habit　of　preparing　〃Indian〃　ink　when

required；　which　so　far　as　known　was　not　always　a

commodity。



As　an　industry　it　can　be　said　to　have　definitely

begun　when　the　French　government　recognized　the

necessity　for　one；　A。　D。　1625；　by　giving　a　contract

for　〃a　great　quantity　of　'gall　ink'　to　Guyot；〃　who

for　this　reason　seems　to　occupy　the　unique　position

of　the　father　of　the　modern　ink　industry。



Ink　manufacture　as　a　growing　industry　heretofore

and　to　a　large　extent　at　present；　occupies　a　peculiarly

anomalous　situation。　Other　industries　follow　the　law

of　evolution　which　may　perhaps　bear　criticism；　but

the　ink　industry　follows　none；　nor　does　it　even　pretend

to　possess　any。



Thousands　are　engaged　in　its　pursuit；　few　of　whom

understand　either　ink　chemistry　or　ink　phenomena。

The　consumer　knows　still　less；　and　with　blind　confidence

placidly　accepts　nondescript　compounds　labeled

〃Ink；〃　whether　purchased　at　depots　or　from　〃combined〃

itinerant　manufacturing　peddlers　and　with

them　write　or　sign　documents　which　some　day　may

disturb　millions　of　property。　And　yet　in　a　comparative

sense　it　has　outpaced　all　other　industries。



With　the　commencement　of　the　eighteenth　century

we　find　the　industry　settling　in　Dresden；　Chemnitz；

Amsterdam；　Berlin；　Elberfield　and　Cologne。　Still

later　in　London；　Vienna；　Paris；　Edinburgh　and　Dublin；

and　in　the　first　half　of　the　nineteenth　century　in

the　United　States；　it　had　begun　to　make　considerable

progress。



Among　the　first　pioneers　of　the　later　modern　ink

industry　abroad；　may　be　mentioned　the　names　of

Stephens；　Arnold；　Blackwood；　Ribaucourt；　Stark；

Lewis；　Runge；　Leonhardi；　Gafford；　Bottger；　Lipowitz；

Geissler；　Jahn；　Van　Moos；　Ure；　Schmidt；　Haenle；　Elsner；

Bossin；　Kindt；　Trialle；　Morrell；　Cochrane；　Antoine；

Faber；　Waterlous；　Tarling；　Hyde；　Thacker；　Mordan；

Featherstone；　Maurin；　Triest　and　Draper。



In　the　period　covered　by　the　nineteenth　century

at　home；　the　legitimate　industry　included　over　300

ink　makers。　Those　best　known　are　Davids；　Maynard

and　Noyes；　Carter；　Underwood；　Stafford；　Moore；　Davis；

Thomas；　Sanford；　Barnes；　Morrell；　Walkden；　Lyons；

Freeman；　Murray；　Todd；　Bonney；　Pomeroy；　Worthington；

Joy；　Blair；　Cross；　Dunlap；　Higgins；　Paul；　Anderson；

Woodmansee；　Delang；　Allen；　Stearns；　Gobel；　Wallach；

Bartram；　Ford　and　Harrison。



The　ink　phenomena　included　in　the　past　eighty

years　has　demonstrated　a　continuing　retrogression　in

ink　manufacture　and　a　consequent　deterioration　of

necessary　ink　qualities。　When　the　attention　of　some

ink　makers　are　addressed　to　these　sad　facts；　they

attribute　them；　either　to　the　demand　of　the　public

for　an　agreeable　color　and　a　free　flowing　ink；　or　to　an

inability　to　compete　with　inferior　substitutes；　which

have　flooded　the　market　since　the　discovery　of　the

coal　tar　colors；　they　have　been　compelled　to　depart

from　old　and　tried　formulas；　in　the　extravagant　use

（misuse）　of　the　so…called　〃added〃　color。



An　exceptional　few　of　the　older　firms　continue　to

catalogue　unadulterated　〃gall〃　inks；　but　the　demand

for　them　except　in　localities　where　the　law

COM