forty centuries of ink-µÚ40²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
and¡¡lampblack¡¡ad¡¡libitum¡£¡¡Boil¡¡the¡¡whole
again¡¡in¡¡a¡¡covered¡¡vessel£»¡¡and¡¡stir¡¡the¡¡fluid¡¡well¡¡to
effect¡¡the¡¡complete¡¡solution¡¡and¡¡admixture¡¡of¡¡the
gum¡¡arabic¡£¡¡Stir¡¡it¡¡occasionally¡¡while¡¡it¡¡is¡¡cooling£»
and¡¡after¡¡it¡¡has¡¡remained¡¡undisturbed¡¡for¡¡two
or¡¡three¡¡hours£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡excess¡¡of¡¡indigo¡¡and¡¡lamp¡
black¡¡may¡¡subside£»¡¡bottle¡¡it¡¡for¡¡use¡£¡¡The¡¡above
ink¡¡for¡¡documentary¡¡purposes¡¡is¡¡invaluable£»¡¡being
under¡¡all¡¡ordinary¡¡circumstances£»¡¡indestructible¡£
It¡¡is¡¡also¡¡particularly¡¡well¡¡adapted¡¡for¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of
the¡¡laboratory¡£¡¡Five¡¡drops¡¡of¡¡creosote¡¡added¡¡to¡¡a
pint¡¡of¡¡ordinary¡¡ink¡¡will¡¡effectually¡¡prevent¡¡its¡¡becoming
mouldy¡£¡¨
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
¡¨In¡¡November£»¡¡1854£»¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Grace¡¡Calvert¡¡read¡¡a
paper¡¡before¡¡the¡¡London¡¡Society¡¡of¡¡Arts¡¡in¡¡which
he¡¡said¡¡that¡¡he¡¡hoped¡¡before¡¡long¡¡some¡¡valuable
dyeing¡¡substances¡¡other¡¡than¡¡carbo¡azotic¡¡acid
would¡¡be¡¡prepared¡¡from¡¡coal¡¡tar¡£
¡¨In¡¡another¡¡paper¡¡read¡¡before¡¡the¡¡same¡¡society
in¡¡1858¡¡he¡¡said£º¡¡'This¡¡expectation¡¡has¡¡now¡¡been
fulfilled¡£¡¡Messrs¡£¡¡Perkins¡¡and¡¡Church¡¡have¡¡obtained
several¡¡blue¡¡coloring¡¡substances¡¡from¡¡the
alkaloids¡¡of¡¡coal¡¡tar£»¡¡and¡¡one¡¡from¡¡naphthalene¡£'
Also¡¡that¡¡himself¡¡and¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Charles¡¡Lowe¡¡had¡¡succeeded
in¡¡obtaining¡¡coal¡¡tar¡¡products¡¡yielding¡¡colors
of¡¡a¡¡beautiful¡¡pink£»¡¡red£»¡¡violet£»¡¡purple£»¡¡and
chocolate¡£¡¡£¨These¡¡were¡¡not¡¡soluble¡¡in¡¡water£©¡£¡¨
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
¡¨Among¡¡vegetable¡¡substances¡¡useful¡¡in¡¡the¡¡arts
is¡¡one¡¡that¡¡has¡¡long¡¡been¡¡known¡¡in¡¡New¡¡Grenada
under¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ink¡plant£»¡¡as¡¡furnishing¡¡a
juice¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡used¡¡in¡¡writing¡¡without¡¡previous
preparation¡£¡¡Characters¡¡traced¡¡with¡¡this¡¡substance
have¡¡a¡¡reddish¡¡color¡¡at¡¡first£»¡¡which¡¡turns¡¡to¡¡a¡¡deep
black¡¡in¡¡a¡¡few¡¡hours¡£¡¡This¡¡juice¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡be
really¡¡less¡¡liable¡¡to¡¡thicken¡¡than¡¡ordinary¡¡ink£»¡¡and
not¡¡to¡¡corrode¡¡steel¡¡pens¡£¡¡It¡¡resists¡¡the¡¡action¡¡of
water£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡practically¡¡indelible¡£¡¡The¡¡plant¡¡is
known¡¡as¡¡coryaria¡¡thymifolia¡£¡¨
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
¡¨Desormeaux¡¡recommends¡¡that¡¡the¡¡sulphate¡¡of
iron¡¡be¡¡calcined¡¡to¡¡whiteness£»¡¡coarse¡¡brown¡¡sugar
instead¡¡of¡¡sugar¡¡candy£»¡¡1/4¡¡oz¡£¡¡acetate¡¡of¡¡copper£»
instead¡¡of¡¡one¡¡ounce¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sulphate£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡drop
or¡¡two¡¡of¡¡creosote¡¡or¡¡essential¡¡oil¡¡of¡¡cloves¡¡to¡¡prevent
moulding¡£¡¨¡¡£¨See¡¡Ribaucourt¡¡receipt£»¡¡p¡£¡¡194¡££©
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
¡¨Mr¡£¡¡John¡¡Spiller¡¡communicated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡London
Chemical¡¡News¡¡£¨1861£©¡¡a¡¡paper¡¡on¡¡the¡¡employment
of¡¡carbon¡¡as¡¡a¡¡means¡¡of¡¡permanent¡¡record¡£¡¡The
imperishable¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡carbon£»¡¡in¡¡its¡¡various¡¡forms
of¡¡lamp¡black£»¡¡ivory¡black£»¡¡wood¡charcoal£»¡¡and
graphite¡¡or¡¡black¡¡lead£»¡¡holds¡¡out¡¡much¡¡greater
promise¡¡of¡¡being¡¡usefully¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡manufacture
of¡¡a¡¡permanent¡¡writing¡¡material£»¡¡since£»¡¡for
this¡¡substance£»¡¡in¡¡its¡¡elementary¡¡condition¡¡and¡¡at
ordinary¡¡temperatures£»¡¡there¡¡exists¡¡no¡¡solvent¡¡nor
chemical¡¡reagent¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡affecting¡¡its¡¡alteration¡£
¡¨The¡¡suggestion¡¡relative¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡applying
carbon¡¡to¡¡these¡¡purposes£»¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡intended
more¡¡particularly¡¡now¡¡to¡¡enunciate£»¡¡depends¡¡on
the¡¡fact¡¡of¡¡the¡¡separation¡¡of¡¡carbon¡¡from¡¡organic
compounds¡¡rich¡¡in¡¡that¡¡element£»¡¡sugar£»¡¡gum£»¡¡etc¡££»
by¡¡the¡¡combined¡¡operation¡¡of¡¡heat¡¡and¡¡of¡¡chemical
reagents£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡sulphuric¡¡and¡¡phosphoric¡¡acids£»
which¡¡exert¡¡a¡¡decomposing¡¡action¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same
direction£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡such¡¡means¡¡to¡¡effect¡¡the¡¡deposition
of¡¡the¡¡carbon¡¡within¡¡the¡¡pores¡¡of¡¡the
paper¡¡by¡¡a¡¡process¡¡of¡¡development¡¡to¡¡be¡¡performed
after¡¡the¡¡fluid¡¡writing¡¡ink¡¡has¡¡been¡¡to¡¡a¡¡certain
extent¡¡absorbed¡¡into¡¡its¡¡substancea¡¡system¡¡of
formation¡¡by¡¡which¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡resistance£»
both¡¡to¡¡chemical¡¡and¡¡external¡¡influences£»
appears¡¡to¡¡be¡¡secured¡£¡¡An¡¡ink¡¡of¡¡the¡¡following
composition¡¡has¡¡been¡¡made¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡experiment£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Concentrated¡¡sulphuric¡¡acid£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡deeply¡¡colored¡¡with¡¡indigo¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡1¡¡fluid¡¡ounce¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Water£»¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡6¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Loaf¡¡Sugar£»¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡1¡¡ounce£»¡¡troy¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Strong¡¡mucilage¡¡of¡¡gum¡arabic
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡¡to¡¡3¡¡fluid¡¡ounces¡£
¡¨Writing¡¡traced¡¡with¡¡a¡¡quill¡¡or¡¡gold¡¡pen¡¡dipped
in¡¡this¡¡ink¡¡dries¡¡to¡¡a¡¡pale¡¡blue¡¡color£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡now¡¡a
heated¡¡iron¡¡be¡¡passed¡¡over¡¡its¡¡surface£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡page
of¡¡manuscript¡¡be¡¡held¡¡near¡¡a¡¡fire£»¡¡the¡¡writing¡¡will
quickly¡¡assume¡¡a¡¡jet¡¡black¡¡appearance£»¡¡resulting
from¡¡the¡¡carbonization¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sugar¡¡by¡¡a¡¡warm
acid£»¡¡and¡¡will¡¡have¡¡become¡¡so¡¡firmly¡¡engrafted
into¡¡the¡¡substance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡as¡¡to¡¡oppose¡¡considerable
difficulty¡¡to¡¡its¡¡removal¡¡or¡¡erasure¡¡by¡¡a
knife¡£¡¡On¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡depth¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the
written¡¡characters¡¡usually¡¡penetrate£»¡¡the¡¡sheets¡¡of
paper¡¡selected¡¡for¡¡use¡¡should¡¡be¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thickest
make£»¡¡and¡¡good¡¡white¡¡cartridge¡¡paper£»¡¡or¡¡that
known¡¡as¡¡'cream¡¡laid£»'¡¡preferred¡¡to¡¡such¡¡as¡¡are
colored¡¡blue¡¡with¡¡ultramarine£»¡¡for£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡latter
case£»¡¡a¡¡bleached¡¡halo¡¡is¡¡frequently¡¡perceptible
around¡¡the¡¡outlines¡¡of¡¡the¡¡letters£»¡¡indicating¡¡the
partial¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡coloring¡¡matter¡¡by¡¡the
lateral¡¡action¡¡of¡¡the¡¡acid¡£
¡¨The¡¡writing¡¡produced¡¡in¡¡this¡¡manner¡¡seems¡¡indelible£»
it¡¡resists¡¡the¡¡action¡¡of¡¡¡¨salts¡¡of¡¡lemon£»¡¨
and¡¡of¡¡oxalic£»¡¡tartaric£»¡¡and¡¡diluted¡¡hydrochloric
acids£»¡¡agents¡¡which¡¡render¡¡nearly¡¡illegible¡¡the¡¡traces
of¡¡ordinary¡¡black¡¡writing¡¡ink£»¡¡neither¡¡do¡¡alkaline
solutions¡¡exert¡¡any¡¡appreciable¡¡action¡¡on¡¡the¡¡carbon
ink¡£¡¡This¡¡material¡¡possesses£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡many
advantageous¡¡qualities¡¡which¡¡would¡¡recommend¡¡its
adoption¡¡in¡¡cases¡¡where¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡permanence
is¡¡of¡¡paramount¡¡importance¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡must£»¡¡on¡¡the
other¡¡hand£»¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡that¡¡such¡¡an¡¡ink£»¡¡in¡¡its
present¡¡form£»¡¡would¡¡but¡¡inefficiently¡¡fulfil¡¡many¡¡of
the¡¡requirements¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡it¡¡into¡¡common
use¡£¡¡The¡¡peculiar¡¡method¡¡of¡¡development¡¡rendering
the¡¡application¡¡of¡¡heat¡¡imperative£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡of
a¡¡temperature¡¡somewhat¡¡above¡¡the¡¡boiling¡¡point¡¡of
water£»¡¡together¡¡with¡¡the¡¡circumstance¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will
be¡¡found¡¡impossible¡¡with¡¡a¡¡thin¡¡sheet¡¡of¡¡paper¡¡to
write¡¡on¡¡both¡¡sides£»¡¡must¡¡certainly¡¡be¡¡counted
among¡¡its¡¡more¡¡prominent¡¡disadvantages¡£¡¨
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
¡¨Fire¡proof¡¡ink¡¡for¡¡writing¡¡or¡¡printing¡¡on
incombustible¡¡paper¡¡is¡¡made¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡following
recipe£º¡¡Graphite£»¡¡finely¡¡ground£»¡¡22¡¡drams£»
copal¡¡or¡¡other¡¡resinous¡¡gum£»¡¡12¡¡grains£»¡¡sulphate
of¡¡iron£»¡¡2¡¡drams£»¡¡tincture¡¡of¡¡nutgalls£»¡¡2¡¡drams£»
and¡¡sulphate¡¡of¡¡indigo£»¡¡8¡¡drams¡£¡¡These¡¡substances
are¡¡thoroughly¡¡mixed¡¡and¡¡boiled¡¡in¡¡water£»
and¡¡the¡¡ink¡¡thus¡¡obtained¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡be¡¡both¡¡fire¡
proof¡¡and¡¡insoluble¡¡in¡¡water¡£¡¡When¡¡any¡¡other
color¡¡but¡¡black¡¡is¡¡desired£»¡¡the¡¡graphite¡¡is¡¡replaced
by¡¡an¡¡earthly¡¡mineral¡¡pigment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡desired¡¡color¡£¡¨
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
¡¨Ineradicable¡¡Writing¡£A¡¡French¡¡technical
paper£»¡¡specially¡¡devoted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡art¡¡and¡¡science¡¡of
paper¡¡manufacture£»¡¡states¡¡that¡¡any¡¡alterations¡¡or
falsifications¡¡of¡¡writings¡¡in¡¡ordinary¡¡ink¡¡maybe¡¡rendered
impossible¡¡by¡¡passing¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡upon¡¡which
it¡¡is¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡write¡¡through¡¡a¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡one¡¡milligram
£¨0¡£01543¡¡English¡¡grain£©¡¡of¡¡gallic¡¡acid¡¡in¡¡as
much¡¡pure¡¡distilled¡¡water¡¡as¡¡will¡¡fill¡¡to¡¡a¡¡moderate
depth¡¡an¡¡ordinary¡¡soup¡plate¡£¡¡After¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡thus
prepared¡¡has¡¡become¡¡thoroughly¡¡dry£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be
used¡¡as¡¡ordinary¡¡paper¡¡for¡¡writing£»¡¡but¡¡any¡¡attempt
made¡¡to¡¡alter£»¡¡falsify£»¡¡or¡¡change¡¡anything¡¡written
thereon£»¡¡will¡¡be¡¡left¡¡perfectly¡¡visible£»¡¡and¡¡may¡¡thus
be¡¡readily¡¡detected¡£¡¨
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
¡¨Exchequer¡¡Ink¡£To¡¡40¡¡pounds¡¡of¡¡galls£»¡¡add
10¡¡pounds¡¡of¡¡gum£»¡¡9¡¡pounds¡¡of¡¡copperas£»¡¡and¡¡45
gallons¡¡of¡¡soft¡¡water¡£¡¡This¡¡ink¡¡will¡¡endure¡¡for
centuries¡£¡¨
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
¡¨Take¡¡of¡¡oil¡¡of¡¡lavender£»¡¡120¡¡grains£»¡¡of¡¡copal
in¡¡powder£»¡¡17¡¡grains£»¡¡red¡¡sulphuret¡¡of¡¡mercury£»¡¡60
grains¡£¡¡The¡¡oil¡¡of¡¡lavender¡¡being¡¡dissipated¡¡with
a¡¡gentle¡¡heat£»¡¡a¡¡colour¡¡will¡¡be¡¡left¡¡on¡¡the¡¡paper
surrounded¡¡with¡¡the¡¡copal£»¡¡a¡¡substance¡¡insoluble
in¡¡water£»¡¡spirits£»¡¡acids£»¡¡or¡¡alkaline¡¡solutions¡£
¡¨This¡¡composition¡¡possesses¡¡a¡¡permanent¡¡colour£»
and¡¡a¡¡MSS¡£¡¡written¡¡with¡¡it£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡the
process¡¡commonly¡¡used¡¡for¡¡restoring¡¡the¡¡colour¡¡of
printed¡¡books£»¡¡without¡¡injury¡¡to¡¡the¡¡writing¡£¡¡In
this¡¡manner¡¡interpolations¡¡with¡¡common¡¡ink¡¡may
be¡¡removed¡£¡¨
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
Boil¡¡parchment¡¡slips¡¡or¡¡cuttings¡¡of¡¡glove
leather£»¡¡in¡¡water¡¡till¡¡it¡¡forms¡¡a¡¡size£»¡¡which£»¡¡when
cool£»¡¡becomes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡consistence¡¡of¡¡jelly£»¡¡then£»
having¡¡blackened¡¡an¡¡earthern¡¡plate£»¡¡by¡¡holding¡¡it
over¡¡the¡¡flame¡¡of¡¡a¡¡candle£»¡¡mix¡¡up¡¡with¡¡a¡¡camel
hair¡¡pencil£»¡¡the¡¡fine¡¡lamp¡black¡¡thus¡¡obtained£»¡¡with
some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡above¡¡size£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡plate¡¡is¡¡still
warm¡£¡¡This¡¡black¡¡requires¡¡no¡¡grinding£»¡¡and¡¡produces
an¡¡ink¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡colour£»¡¡which¡¡works¡¡as
fregy¡¡with¡¡the¡¡pencil£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡as¡¡perfectly
transparent¡¡as¡¡the¡¡best¡¡Indian¡¡ink¡£¡¨
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
¡¨Instead¡¡of¡¡water¡¡use¡¡brandy£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡same
ingredients¡¡which¡¡enter¡¡into¡¡the¡¡composition¡¡of
any¡¡ink£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡will¡¡never¡¡freeze¡£¡¨
¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡*
¡¨Bacteria¡¡in¡¡InkAccording¡¡to¡¡experiments
which¡¡have¡¡recently¡¡been¡¡completed¡¡at¡¡Berlin¡¡and