forty centuries of ink-µÚ20²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
for¡¡words£»¡¡but¡¡chiefly¡¡for¡¡ornamenting¡¡capital
letters¡£
A¡¡large¡¡room¡¡was¡¡in¡¡most¡¡monasteries¡¡set¡¡apart¡¡for
such¡¡labors¡¡and¡¡here¡¡the¡¡general¡¡transcribers¡¡pursued
their¡¡avocations£»¡¡in¡¡addition£»¡¡small¡¡rooms¡¡or¡¡cells£»
known¡¡also¡¡as¡¡scriptoria£»¡¡occupied¡¡by¡¡such¡¡monks¡¡as
were¡¡considered£»¡¡from¡¡their¡¡piety¡¡and¡¡learning£»¡¡to¡¡be
entitled¡¡to¡¡the¡¡indulgence£»¡¡and¡¡used¡¡by¡¡them¡¡for¡¡their
private¡¡devotions£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡transcribing
works¡¡for¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡church¡¡or¡¡library¡£
The¡¡scriptoria¡¡were¡¡frequently¡¡enriched¡¡by¡¡donations
and¡¡bequests¡¡from¡¡those¡¡who¡¡knew¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the
works¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡in¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡large¡¡estates¡¡were¡¡often
devoted¡¡to¡¡their¡¡support¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Meanwhile¡¡along¡¡the¡¡cloister's¡¡painted¡¡side£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡monkseach¡¡bending¡¡low¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡book
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡head¡¡on¡¡hand¡¡reclinedtheir¡¡studies¡¡plied£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Forbid¡¡to¡¡parley£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡front¡¡to¡¡look£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lengthways¡¡their¡¡regulated¡¡seats¡¡they¡¡took£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡strutting¡¡prior¡¡gazed¡¡with¡¡pompous¡¡mien£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡wakeful¡¡tongue£»¡¡prepared¡¡with¡¡prompt¡¡rebuke£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡monk¡¡asleep¡¡in¡¡sheltering¡¡hood¡¡was¡¡seen£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡wary¡¡often¡¡peeped¡¡beneath¡¡that¡¡russet¡¡screen¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Hard¡¡by£»¡¡against¡¡the¡¡window's¡¡adverse¡¡light£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Where¡¡desks¡¡were¡¡wont¡¡in¡¡length¡¡of¡¡row¡¡to¡¡stand£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡gowned¡¡artificers¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡write£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡pen¡¡of¡¡silver¡¡glistened¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hand
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡their¡¡fingers¡¡rhyming¡¡Latin¡¡scanned£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Some¡¡textile¡¡gold¡¡from¡¡halls¡¡unwinding¡¡drew£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡on¡¡strained¡¡velvet¡¡stately¡¡portraits¡¡planned£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Here¡¡arms£»¡¡there¡¡faces¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡embryo¡¡view£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡last¡¡to¡¡glittering¡¡life¡¡the¡¡total¡¡figures¡¡grew¡£¡¨
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡FOSBROOKE¡£
The¡¡public¡¡scribes¡¡of¡¡those¡¡days¡¡were¡¡employed
mostly¡¡by¡¡secular¡¡individuals£»¡¡although¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡be
called¡¡upon¡¡at¡¡any¡¡moment¡¡by¡¡the¡¡fathers¡¡of¡¡the
church¡£¡¡They¡¡worked¡¡in¡¡their¡¡homes¡¡except¡¡when
any¡¡valuable¡¡work¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡copied£»¡¡then¡¡in¡¡that¡¡of
their¡¡employer£»¡¡who¡¡boarded¡¡and¡¡lodged¡¡them¡¡during
the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡their¡¡engagement¡£
To¡¡differentiate¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡class¡¡of¡¡pigments
or¡¡materials¡¡then¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡making¡¡colored
inks£»¡¡from¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡more¡¡ancient¡¡times¡¡is¡¡difficult£»
because¡¡we¡¡not¡¡only¡¡find¡¡many¡¡of¡¡like¡¡character¡¡but¡¡of
larger¡¡variety¡£¡¡These¡¡were¡¡used¡¡more¡¡for¡¡purposes¡¡of
illuminating¡¡and¡¡embellishing¡¡than¡¡for¡¡regular¡¡writing¡£
Even¡¡when¡¡printing¡¡had¡¡been¡¡invented¡¡spaces¡¡were
frequently¡¡left£»¡¡both¡¡in¡¡the¡¡block¡¡books¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the
earliest¡¡movable¡¡type£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡illumination¡¡by¡¡hand£»
of¡¡initial¡¡letters¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡deceive¡¡purchasers¡¡into¡¡the
belief¡¡that¡¡the¡¡printed¡¡type¡¡which¡¡was¡¡patterned
closely¡¡after¡¡the¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡letters¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡MSS¡£
writings¡¡was¡¡the¡¡real¡¡thing¡£¡¡The¡¡learned¡¡soon¡¡discovered
such¡¡frauds¡¡and¡¡thereafter¡¡these¡¡practices
were¡¡abandoned¡£
CHAPTER¡¡X¡£
RENAISSANCE¡¡INK¡£
INK¡¡OF¡¡GRAY¡¡COLOR¡¡BELONGING¡¡TO¡¡THE¡¡SIXTEENTH¡¡CENTURY
AND¡¡ITS¡¡CAUSESINFLUENCE¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡FATHERS¡¡OF
THE¡¡CHURCH¡¡RESPECTING¡¡INK¡¡DURING¡¡THE¡¡DARK
AGESTHE¡¡REFORMATION¡¡AND¡¡HOW¡¡IT¡¡AFFECTED¡¡MEDIAEVAL
MSS¡£REMARKS¡¡OF¡¡BALE¡¡ABOUT¡¡THEIR¡¡DESTRUCTION
QUAINT¡¡INK¡¡RECEIPT¡¡OF¡¡1602SELECTION
FROM¡¡THE¡¡TWELFTH¡¡NIGHT¡¡RELATING¡¡TO¡¡PEN¡¡AND
INKGENERAL¡¡CONDITIONS¡¡WHICH¡¡OBTAINED¡¡UNTIL
1626THE¡¡FRENCH¡¡GOVERNMENT¡¡AWARDS¡¡AN¡¡INK
CONTRACT¡¡IN¡¡THAT¡¡YEAROTHER¡¡GOVERNMENTS¡¡ADOPT
THE¡¡FRENCH¡¡FORMULAINKS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY¡¡ALMOST¡¡PERFECT¡¡IN¡¡THEIR¡¡COLOR¡¡PHENOMENA
NO¡¡ADDED¡¡COLOR¡¡EMPLOYED¡¡IN¡¡THEIR¡¡MANUFACTURE¡£
THE¡¡gray¡¡color¡¡of¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inks¡¡found¡¡on¡¡documents
written¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sixteenth¡¡century¡¡is¡¡a¡¡noteworthy
fact¡£¡¡Whence¡¡its¡¡cause¡¡is¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡for¡¡considerable
speculation¡£¡¡The¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡these¡¡inks
unquestionably¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¨gall¡¨¡¡class¡¡and¡¡if¡¡prepared
after¡¡the¡¡formulas¡¡utilized¡¡in¡¡preceding¡¡centuries
should¡¡indicate¡¡like¡¡color¡¡phenomena¡£¡¡As
these¡¡same¡¡peculiarities¡¡exist¡¡on¡¡both¡¡paper£»¡¡vellum
and¡¡parchment£»¡¡it¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡their¡¡use¡£
Investigations¡¡in¡¡many¡¡instances¡¡of¡¡the¡¡writings¡¡indicate
the¡¡exercise¡¡of¡¡a¡¡more¡¡rapid¡¡pen¡¡movement
and¡¡a¡¡consequent¡¡employment¡¡of¡¡inks¡¡of¡¡greater
fluidity¡¡than¡¡those¡¡of¡¡an¡¡earlier¡¡history¡£¡¡Such¡¡fluidity
could¡¡only¡¡be¡¡obtained¡¡by¡¡a¡¡reduction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡quantity
of¡¡gummy¡¡vehicles¡¡together¡¡with¡¡an¡¡increase¡¡of¡¡ink
acidity¡£¡¡The¡¡acids¡¡which¡¡had¡¡theretofore¡¡been¡¡more
or¡¡less¡¡introduced¡¡into¡¡inks£»¡¡except¡¡oxalic¡¡acid£»¡¡could
not¡¡effect¡¡such¡¡results¡£¡¡Consequently£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡monuments
of¡¡this¡¡gray¡¡ink¡¡phenomena¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found
belonging¡¡to¡¡all¡¡the¡¡portions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Christian¡¡world£»
with¡¡a¡¡uniformity¡¡that¡¡is¡¡certainly¡¡remarkable£»¡¡it¡¡becomes
a¡¡fair¡¡deduction¡¡to¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡the¡¡making¡¡of
inks¡¡bad¡¡passed¡¡into¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡regular¡¡manufacturers
who¡¡adulterated¡¡them¡¡with¡¡¡¨added¡¨¡¡color¡£
We¡¡can¡¡well¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡the¡¡influences¡¡which¡¡the
fathers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Church¡¡exerted¡¡during¡¡the¡¡thousand
years¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡¡¨Dark¡¡Ages£»¡¨¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡ink
and¡¡kindred¡¡subjects£»¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡very¡¡great¡£
That¡¡they¡¡endeavored¡¡to¡¡perpetuate¡¡for¡¡the¡¡benefit¡¡of
succeeding¡¡generations¡¡in¡¡book¡¡and¡¡other¡¡forms£»¡¡this
kind¡¡of¡¡information£»¡¡which¡¡they¡¡distributed¡¡throughout
the¡¡world¡¡we¡¡know¡¡to¡¡be¡¡true¡£¡¡Most¡¡of¡¡these
sources¡¡of¡¡ink¡¡information£»¡¡however£»¡¡gradually¡¡disappeared
as¡¡constituting¡¡a¡¡series¡¡of¡¡sad¡¡events¡¡in¡¡the¡¡unhappy
war¡¡which¡¡followed¡¡their¡¡preparation¡£
The¡¡Reformation¡¡began¡¡in¡¡Germany¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first
quarter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sixteenth¡¡century£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡it¡¡the
eighty¡¡years¡¡of¡¡continual¡¡religious¡¡warfare¡¡which
followed¡£¡¡During¡¡this¡¡period¡¡the¡¡priceless¡¡MSS¡£¡¡books
of¡¡information£»¡¡historical£»¡¡literary¡¡and¡¡otherwise£»¡¡contained
in¡¡the¡¡monastic¡¡libraries¡¡outside¡¡of¡¡Italy¡¡were
burnt¡£
We¡¡are¡¡told£º
¡¨In¡¡England¡¡cupidity¡¡and¡¡intolerance¡¡destroyed
recklessly¡£¡¡Thus£»¡¡after¡¡the¡¡dissolution¡¡of¡¡monastic
establishments£»¡¡persons¡¡were¡¡appointed¡¡to¡¡search
out¡¡all¡¡missals£»¡¡books¡¡of¡¡legends£»¡¡and¡¡such¡¡'superstitious
books'¡¡and¡¡to¡¡destroy¡¡or¡¡sell¡¡them¡¡for
waste¡¡paper£»¡¡reserving¡¡only¡¡their¡¡bindings£»¡¡when£»
as¡¡was¡¡frequently¡¡the¡¡case£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡ornamented
with¡¡massive¡¡gold¡¡and¡¡silver£»¡¡curiously¡¡chased£»¡¡and
often¡¡further¡¡enriched¡¡with¡¡precious¡¡stones£»¡¡and¡¡so
industriously¡¡had¡¡these¡¡men¡¡done¡¡their¡¡work£»¡¡destroying
all¡¡books¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡considered¡¡popish
tendencies¡¡to¡¡be¡¡shown¡¡by¡¡illumination£»¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of
red¡¡letters£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Cross£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡by¡¡theto¡¡them
mysterious¡¡diagrams¡¡of¡¡mathematical¡¡problems
that¡¡when£»¡¡some¡¡years¡¡later£»¡¡Leland¡¡was¡¡appointed
to¡¡examine¡¡the¡¡monastic¡¡libraries£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡view¡¡to
the¡¡preservation¡¡of¡¡what¡¡was¡¡valuable¡¡in¡¡them£»¡¡he
found¡¡that¡¡those¡¡who¡¡had¡¡preceded¡¡him¡¡had¡¡left
little¡¡to¡¡reward¡¡his¡¡search¡£¡¨
Bale£»¡¡himself¡¡an¡¡advocate¡¡for¡¡the¡¡dissolution¡¡of
monasteries£»¡¡says£º
¡¨Never¡¡had¡¡we¡¡bene¡¡offended¡¡for¡¡the¡¡losse¡¡of
our¡¡lybraryes¡¡beyng¡¡so¡¡many¡¡in¡¡nombre¡¡and¡¡in¡¡so
desolute¡¡places¡¡for¡¡the¡¡moste¡¡parte£»¡¡yf¡¡the¡¡chief
monuments¡¡and¡¡moste¡¡notable¡¡workes¡¡of¡¡our¡¡excellent
wryters¡¡had¡¡bene¡¡reserved£»¡¡yf¡¡there¡¡had¡¡bene
in¡¡every¡¡shyre¡¡of¡¡Englande¡¡but¡¡one¡¡solemyne¡¡lybrary
for¡¡the¡¡preservacyon¡¡of¡¡those¡¡noble¡¡workes£»¡¡and
preferrments¡¡of¡¡good¡¡learnyuges¡¡in¡¡our¡¡posteryte¡¡it
had¡¡bene¡¡yet¡¡somewhat¡£¡¡But¡¡to¡¡destroye¡¡all¡¡without
consyderacyon¡¡is¡¡and¡¡wyll¡¡be¡¡unto¡¡Englande¡¡for
ever¡¡a¡¡most¡¡horryble¡¡infamy¡¡amonge¡¡the¡¡grave
senyours¡¡of¡¡other¡¡natyons¡£¡¡A¡¡grete¡¡nombre¡¡of
them¡¡wych¡¡purchased¡¡of¡¡those¡¡superstycyose¡¡mansyons
reserved¡¡of¡¡those¡¡lybrarye¡¡bokes£»¡¡some¡¡to
serve¡¡theyr¡¡jaks£»¡¡some¡¡to¡¡scoure¡¡theyr¡¡candelstyckes£»
and¡¡some¡¡to¡¡rubb¡¡theyr¡¡bootes¡¡¡£¡¡some¡¡they¡¡solde¡¡to
the¡¡grossers¡¡and¡¡sope¡¡sellers£»¡¡and¡¡some¡¡they¡¡sent
over¡¡see¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bokebynders£»¡¡not¡¡in¡¡small¡¡nombre£»
but¡¡at¡¡tymes¡¡whole¡¡shippesful¡£¡¡I¡¡knowa¡¡merchant
man£»¡¡whyche¡¡shall¡¡at¡¡thys¡¡tyme¡¡be¡¡namelesse£»¡¡that
boughte¡¡the¡¡content¡£»¡¡of¡¡two¡¡noble¡¡lybraryes¡¡for¡¡xl
shyllyngs¡¡pryce£»¡¡a¡¡shame¡¡it¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡spoken¡£¡¡Thys
stuffe¡¡hathe¡¡he¡¡occupyed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡stide¡¡of¡¡greve¡¡paper
for¡¡the¡¡space¡¡of¡¡more¡¡than¡¡these¡¡ten¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡yet
hathe¡¡store¡¡ynough¡¡for¡¡as¡¡many¡¡years¡¡to¡¡come¡£¡¡A
prodyguous¡¡example¡¡is¡¡thys£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡be¡¡abhorred¡¡of
all¡¡men¡¡who¡¡love¡¡theyr¡¡n¡¡atyon¡¡as¡¡they¡¡shoulde¡¡do¡£¡¨
Passing¡¡to¡¡later¡¡epochs£»¡¡A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1602£»¡¡the¡¡following
quaint¡¡receipt¡¡proves¡¡interesting¡¡as¡¡showing¡¡that¡¡the
¡¨gall¡¨¡¡inks¡¡were¡¡well¡¡known¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time£º
¡¡¡¨To¡¡make¡¡common¡¡Ink£»¡¡of¡¡Wine¡¡take¡¡a¡¡quart£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Two¡¡ounces¡¡of¡¡Gumme£»¡¡let¡¡that¡¡be¡¡a¡¡part£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Five¡¡ounces¡¡of¡¡Galls£»¡¡of¡¡Cop'res¡¡take¡¡three£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Long¡¡standing¡¡doth¡¡make¡¡it¡¡the¡¡better¡¡to¡¡be£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡Wine¡¡ye¡¡do¡¡want£»¡¡raine¡¡water¡¡is¡¡best£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡then¡¡as¡¡much¡¡stuffe¡¡as¡¡above¡¡at¡¡the¡¡least£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡Ink¡¡be¡¡too¡¡thick£»¡¡put¡¡Vinegar¡¡in£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡water¡¡doth¡¡make¡¡the¡¡colour¡¡more¡¡dimme¡£¡¨
Shakespeare¡¡in¡¡his¡¡Twelfth¡¡Night¡¡III£»¡¡2£»¡¡has¡¡also
referred¡¡to¡¡them¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡amusing¡¡strain£º
¡¨Go¡¡write¡¡it¡¡in¡¡a¡¡martial¡¡hand£»¡¡be¡¡curst¡¡and¡¡brief£»
it¡¡is¡¡no¡¡matter¡¡how¡¡witty£»¡¡so¡¡it¡¡be¡¡eloquent£»¡¡and
full¡¡of¡¡invention£»¡¡taunt¡¡him¡¡with¡¡the¡¡license¡¡of
ink£»¡¡if¡¡thou¡¡thou'st¡¡him¡¡thrice£»¡¡it¡¡shall¡¡nor¡¡be
amiss£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡many¡¡lies¡¡as¡¡will¡¡lie¡¡on¡¡a¡¡sheet¡¡of
paper£»¡¡although¡¡the¡¡sheet¡¡were¡¡