the origins of contemporary france-5-第54部分

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bishop。〃＇115＇　　The　State　retains　the　ownership　of　it；　or　transfers

this　to　the　communes；　it　concedes　to　the　clergy　merely　the　right　of

using　it；　and；　in　that；　loses　but　little。　Parish　and　cathedral

churches　in　its　hands　are；　for　the　most　part；　dead　capital；　nearly

useless　and　almost　valueless；　through　their　structure；　they　are　not

fitted　for　civil　offices；　it　does　not　know　what　to　do　with　them　except

to　make　barns　of　them；　if　it　sells　them　it　is　to　demolishers　for　their

value　as　building　material；　and　then　at　great　scandal。　Among　the

parsonages　and　gardens　that　have　been　surrendered；　several　have　become

communal　property；＇116＇　and；　in　this　case；　it　is　not　the　State　which

loses　its　title　but　the　commune　which　is　deprived　of　its　investment。

In　short；　in　the　matter　of　available　real　estate；　land　or　buildings；

from　which　the　State　might　derive　a　rent；　that　which　it　sets　off　from

its　domain　and　hands　over　to　the　clergy　is　of　very　little　account。　As

to　military　service；　it　makes　no　greater　concessions。　Neither　the

Concordat　nor　the　organic　articles　stipulate　any　exemption　for　the

clergy；　the　dispensation　granted　is　simply　a　favor；　this　is

provisional　for　the　seminarians　and　only　becomes　permanent　under

ordination；　now；　the　government　fixes　the　number　of　the　ordained；　and

it　keeps　this　down　as　much　as　possible；＇117＇　for　the　diocese　of

Grenoble；　it　allows　only　eight　in　seven　years。＇118＇　In　this　way；　it

not　only　saves　conscripts；　but　again；　for　lack　of　young　priests；　it

forces　the　bishops　to　appoint　old　priests；　even　constitutionalists；

nearly　all　pensioners　on　the　treasury；　and　which　either　relieves　the

treasury　of　a　pension　or　the　commune　of　a　subsidy。＇119＇　　…　Thus；　in

the　reconstruction　of　the　ecclesiastical　fortune　the　State　spares

itself　and　the　portion　it　contributes　remains　very　small：　it　furnishes

scarcely　more　than　the　plan；　a　few　corner　and　foundation　stones　and

the　permission　or　injunction　to　build；　the　rest　concerns　the　communes

and　private　individuals。　They　must　exert　themselves；　continue　and

complete　it；　by　order　or　spontaneously　and　under　its　permanent

direction。



VIII。　Public　Education。



State　appropriations　very　small。　…　Toleration　of　educational

institutions。　…　The　interest　of　the　public　in　them　invited。　…　The

University。　…　Its　monopoly。　…　Practically；　his　restrictions　and

conditions　are　effective。　…　Satisfaction　given　to　the　first　group　of

requirements。



Invariably　the　government　proceeds　in　the　same　manner　with　the

reorganization　of　the　other　two　collective　fortunes。…　As　regards　the

charitable　institutions；　under　the　Directory；　the　asylums　and

hospitals　had　their　unsold　property　restored　to　them；　and　in　the　place

of　what　had　been　sold　they　were　promised　national　property　of　equal

value。＇120＇　　But　this　was　a　complicated　operation；　things　had　dragged

along　in　the　universal　disorder　and；　to　carry　it　out；　the　First　Consul

reduced　and　simplified　it。　He　at　once　sets　aside　a　portion　of　the

national　domain；　several　distinct　morsels　in　each　district　or

department；　amounting　in　all　to　four　millions　of　annual　income　derived

from　productive　real…estate；＇121＇　which　he　distributes　among　the

asylums；　pro　rata；　according　to　their　losses。　He　assigns　to　them；

moreover；　all　the　rents；　in　money　or　in　kind；　due　for　foundations　to

parishes；　curés；　fabriques　and　corporations；　finally；　〃he　applies　to

their　wants〃　various　outstanding　claims；　all　national　domains　which

have　been　usurped　by　individuals　or　communes　and　which　may　be

subsequently　recovered；　〃all　rentals　be…longing　to　the　Republic；　the

recognition　and　payment　of　which　have　been　interrupted。〃＇122＇　　In

short；　he　rummages　every　corner　and　picks　out　the　scraps　which　may

help　them　along；　then；　resuming　and　extending　another　undertaking　of

the　Directory；　he　assigns　to　them；　not　merely　in　Paris；　but　in　many

other　towns；　a　portion　of　the　product　derived　from　theatres　and

octrois。＇123＇　…　Having　thus　increased　their　income；　he　applies　himself

to　diminishing　their　expenses。　On　the　one　hand；　he　gives　them　back

their　special　servants；　those　who　cost　the　least　and　work　the　best；　I

mean　the　Sisters　of　Charity。　On　the　other　hand；　he　binds　them　down

rigidly　to　exact　accounts；　he　subjects　them　to　strict　supervision；　he

selects　for　them　competent　and　suitable　administrators；　he　stops；　here

as　everywhere　else；　waste　and　peculation。　Henceforth；　the　public

reservoir　to　which　the　poor　come　to　quench　their　thirst　is　repaired

and　cleaned；　the　water　remains　pure　and　no　longer　oozes　out；　private

charity　may　therefore　pour　into　it　its　fresh　streams　with　full

security；　on　this　side；　they　flow　in　naturally；　and；　at　this　moment；

with　more　force　than　usual；　for；　in　the　reservoir；　half…emptied　by

revolutionary　confiscations；　the　level　is　always　low。



There　remain　the　institutions　for　instruction。　With　respect　to　these；

the　restoration　seems　more　difficult；　for　their　ancient　endowment　is

almost　entirely　wasted；　the　government　has　nothing　to　give　back　but

dilapidated　buildings；　a　few　scattered　investments　formerly　intended

for　the　maintenance　of　a　college　scholarship；＇124＇　or　for　a　village

schoolhouse。　And　to　whom　should　these　be　returned　since　the　college

and　the　schoolhouse　no　longer　exist？　…　Fortunately；　instruction　is　an

article　of　such　necessity　that　a　father　almost　always　tries　to　procure

it　for　his　children；　even　if　poor；　he　is　willing　to　pay　for　it；　if　not

too　dear；　only；　he　wants　that　which　pleases　him　in　kind　and　in　quality

and；　therefore；　from　a　particular　source；　bearing　this　or　that　factory

stamp　or　label。　If　you　want　him　to　buy　it　do　not　drive　the　purveyors

of　it　from　the　market　who　enjoy　his　confidence　and　who　sell　it

cheaply；　on　the　contrary；　welcome　them　and　allow　them　to　display　their

wares。　This　is　the　first　step；　an　act　of　toleration；　the　conseils…

généraux　demand　it　and　the　government　yields。＇125＇　　It　permits　the

return　of　the　Ignorantin　brethren；　allows　them　to　teach　and　authorizes

the　towns　to　employ　them；　later　on；　it　graduates　them　at　its

University：　in　1810；　they　already　possess　41　schoolhouses　and　8400

pupils。＇126＇　　Still　more　liberally；　it　authorizes　and　favors　female

educational　congregations；　down　to　the　end　of　the　empire　and

afterwards；　nuns　are　about　the　only　instructors　of　young　girls；

especially　in　primary　education。　…　Owing　to　the　same　toleration；　the

upper　schools　are　likewise　reorganized；　and　not　less　spontaneously；

through　the　initiative　of　private　individuals；　communes；　bishops；

colleges　or　pensionnats；　at　Reims；　Fontainebleau；　Metz；　évreux；

Sorrèze；　Juilly；　La　Fléche　and　elsewhere　small　seminaries　in　all　the

dioceses。　Offer　and　demand　have　come　together；　instructors　meet　the

children　half…way；　and　education　begins　on　all　sides。＇127＇



Thought　can　now　be　given　to　its　endowment；　and　the　State　invites

everybody；　the　communes　as　well　as　private　persons；　to　the

undertaking。　It　is　on　their　liberality　that　it　relies　for　replacing

the　ancient　foundations；　it　solicits　gifts　and　legacies　in　favor　of

new　establishments；　and　it　promises　〃to　surround　these　donations　with

the　most　invariable　respect。〃＇128＇　　Meanwhile；　and　as　a　precautionary

measure；　it　assigns　to　each　its　eventual　duty；＇129＇　if　the　commune

establishes　a　primary　school　for　itself；　it　must　provide　the　tutor

with　a　lodging　and　the　parents　must　compensate　him；　if　the　commune

founds　a　college　or　accepts　a　lycée；　it　must　pay　for　the　annual

support　of　the　building；＇130＇　while　the　pupils；　either　day…scholars　or

boarders；　pay　accordingly。　In　this　way；　the　heavy　expenses　are　already

met；　and　the　State；　the　general…manager　of　the　service；　furnishes

simply　a　very　small　quota；　and　this　quota；　mediocre　as　a　rule；　is

found　almost　null　in　fact；　for　its　main　largess　consists　in　6400

scholarships　which　it　establishes　and　engages　to　support；　but　it

confers　only　about　3000　of　them；＇131＇　and　it　distributes　nearly　all　of

these　among　the　children　of　its　military　or　civilian　employees　This

way　a　son's　scholarship　becomes　additional　pay　or　an　increased　salary

for　the　father；　thus；　the　2　millions　which　the　State　seems；　under　this

head；　to　assign　to　the　lycées　are　actually　gratifications　which　it

distributes　among　its　functionaries　and　officials：　it　takes　back　with

one　hand　what　it　be…stows　with　the　other。　…　Having　put　this　in　place；

it　establishes　the　University。　It　is　not　at　its　own　expense；　however；

but　at　the　expense　of　others；　at　the　expense　of　private　persons　and

parents；　of　the　communes；　and　above　all　at　the　expense　of　rival

schools　and　private　boarding…schools；　of　the　free　institutions；　and

all　this　in　favor　of　the　University　monopoly　which　subjects　these　to

special　taxation　as　ingenious　as　it　is　multifarious。＇132＇　　A　private

individual　obtaining　diploma　to　open　on　a　boarding　school　must　pay

from　200　to　300　francs　to　the　University；　likewise；　every　person

obtaining　a　diploma　to　open　an　institution　shall　pay　from　400　to　600

francs　to　t