the origins of contemporary france-5-第53部分

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that　his　title　is　defective；　it　lacks　one　clause　and　a　capital　one；

that　of　the　surrender　and　cession；　the　formal　renunciation；　the

authentic　withdrawal　of　the　former　owner。　The　State；　the　first　seller；

owes　this　voucher　to　the　purchasers；　let　it　procure　this　and　negotiate

accordingly；　let　it　apply　for　this　to　the　rightful　party；　to　the

owners　whom　it　has　dispossessed；　to　the　immemorial　and　legitimate

authorities；　I　mean　to　the　ancient　corporations。　These　have　been

dissolved　by　revolutionary　law　and　have　no　longer　a　representative　who

can　sign　for　them。　Nevertheless；　in　spite　of　revolutionary　law；　one　of

these　corporations；　with　more　vitality　than　the　rest；　still　subsists

with　its　proper；　if　not　legal；　representative；　its　regular　and

undisputed　chief。　This　chief　is　qualified　and　authorized　to　bind　the

body；　for；　institutionally；　he　is　supreme；　and　the　conscience　of　all

its　members　is　in　his　hand。　His　signature　is　of　the　highest　value；　it

is　very　important　to　obtain　this；　and　the　First　Consul　concludes　the

Concordat　with　the　Pope。



By　this　Concordat；　the　Pope　〃declares　that　neither　himself　nor　his

successors　shall　in　any　manner　disturb　the　purchasers　of　alienated

ecclesiastical　property；　and　that　the　ownership　of　the　said　property；

the　rights　and　revenues　derived　there　from；　shall　consequently　remain

in　commutable　in　their　hands　or　in　those　of　their　assigns。〃＇93＇

Henceforth　the　possession　of　this　property　is　no　longer　a　sin；　at

least；　it　is　not　condemned　by　the　spiritual　authority；　by　that

external　conscience　which；　in　Catholic　countries；　governs　the　inward

conscience　and　often　supplies　its　place；　the　Church；　the　moral　head；

removes　with　its　own　hands　the　moral　scruple；　the　last　small　stone；

troublesome　and　dangerous；　which；　lying　underneath　the　cornerstone　of

lay　society；　breaks　the　level　of　the　entire　structure　and　compromises

the　equilibrium　of　the　new　government。　…　In　exchange；　the　State　endows

the　Church。　By　the　same　Concordat；　and　by　the　decrees　which　follow　it；

〃the　government＇94＇　ensures　a　suitable　salary　to　bishops　and　cure's；〃

15；000　francs　to　each　archbishop；　10；000　francs　to　each　bishop；　1500

francs　to　each　curé　of　the　first　class　and　1000　francs　to　each　curé　of

the　second　class；＇95＇　also；　later　on；＇96＇　a　maximum　of　500　francs　and　a

minimum　of　300　francs　to　each　assistant…priest　or　vicar。　〃If

circumstances　require　it；＇97＇　the　conseils…généraux　of　the　large

communes　may　grant　to　prelates　or　to　curés　an　increase　of　salary　out

of　their　rural　possessions　or　octrois。〃　In　all　cases；　archbishops；

bishops；　curés　and　priests　shall　be　lodged；　or　receive　a　lodging

indemnity。　So　much　for　the　support　of　persons。…As　to　real

property；＇98＇　〃all　the　metropolitan　churches；　cathedrals；　parochial

buildings　and　others；　not　alienated；　and　needed　for　the　purposes　of

worship；　shall　be　subject　to　the　disposition　of　the　bishops。〃　…　The

parsonages　and　gardens　attached　to　these；　not　alienated；　shall　be

given　up　to　the　curés　and　assistant…priests。〃　…　〃　The　possessions　of

the　fabriques；＇99＇　not　alienated；　as　well　as　the　rentals　they　enjoyed；

and　which　have　not　been　transferred；　shall　be　restored　to　their

original　purpose。　…　As　to　the　outlay　and　expenditure　for　worship；＇100＇

for　the　parochial　center　or　cathedral；　if　its　revenue　is　not

sufficient；　this　shall　receive　aid　from　its　commune　or　from　its

department；　besides；　〃an　assessment　of　10　％。＇101＇　　shall　be　laid　on

the　revenues　of　all　the　real　estate　of　the　communes；　such　as　houses；

woods；　and　rural　possessions；　for　the　formation　of　a　common　fund　of

subsidy；〃　a　general　sum　with　which　to　provide　for　〃acquisitions；

reconstructions　or　repairs　of　churches；　。　。　。　seminaries　and

parsonages。〃　Moreover；＇102＇　the　government　allows　〃the　French

Catholics　to　make　endowments；　if　so　disposed；　in　favor　of　churches　。　。

。　for　the　support　of　ministers　and　the　exercise　of　worship；〃　that　is

to　say　to　bequeath　or　make　gifts　to　the　fabriques　or　seminaries；　in

fine；　it　exempts　seminarists；　the　future　cure's；　from　the

conscription。



It　also　exempts　the　〃Ignorantins；〃　or　brethren　of　the　Christian

schools；　who　are　the　instructors　of　the　common　people。　With　respect　to

these　and　in　relation　to　every　other　Catholic　institution；　it　follows

the　same　utilitarian　principle；　the　fundamental　maxim　of　laic　and

practical　good　sense：　when　religious　vocations　make　their　appearance

and　serve　the　public；　it　welcomes　and　makes　use　of　them；　it　grants

them　facilities；　dispensations　and　favors；　its　protection；　its

donations；　or　at　least　its　tolerance。　Not　only　does　it　turn　their　zeal

to　account；　but　it　authorizes　their　association。＇103＇　Numerous

societies　of　men　or　of　women　again　spring　up　with　the　assent　of　the

public　authorities　…　the　〃Ignorantins；〃　the　〃Filles　de　la　Charité；〃

the　〃Seurs　Hospitalières；〃　the　〃S？urs　de　Saint…Thomas；〃　the　〃S？urs　de

Saint…Charles；〃　the　〃S？urs　Vatelottes。〃　The　Council　of　State　accepts

and　approves　of　their　statutes；　vows；　hierarchy；　and　internal

regulations。　They　again　become　proprietors；　they　may　accept　donations

and　legacies。　The　State　frequently　makes　presents　to　them。　In

1808；＇104＇　thirty…one　communities　of　Sisters　of　Charity；　and　mostly

educational；　thus　obtain　the　buildings　and　furniture　they　ask　for；　in

full　possession　and　gratuitously。　The　State；　also；　frequently　supports

them；＇105＇　it　repeatedly　decides　that　in　this　asylum；　or　in　that

school；　the　〃sisters〃　designated　by　the　ancient　foundation　shall

resume　their　work　and　be　paid　out　of　the　income　of　the　asylum　or

school。　Better　still；　and　notwithstanding　threatening　decrees；＇106＇

Napoleon；　between　1804　and　1814；　allows　fifty…four　communities　to

arise　and　exist；　outside　of　the　congregations　authorized　by　him；　which

do　not　submit　their　statutes　to　him　and　which　dispense　with　his

permission　to　exist；　he　lets　them　live　and　does　not　disturb　them；　he

judges＇107＇　〃that　there　is　every　sort　of　character　and　imagination；　that

eccentricities　even　should　not　be　repressed　when　they　do　no　harm；〃

that；　for　certain　people；　an　ascetic　life　in　common　is　the　only

refuge；　if　that　is　all　they　desire　they　should　not　be　disturbed；　and

it　is　easy　to　feign　ignorance　of　them；　but　let　them　remain　quiet　and

be　sufficient　unto　themselves！　…　Such　is　the　new　growth　of　the　regular

clergy　alongside　of　the　secular　clergy；　the　two　main　branches　of　the

Catholic　trunk。　Owing　to　the　help；　or　to　the　authorization；　or　to　the

connivance　of　the　State；　inside　or　outside　of　its　limitations；　both

clerical　bodies；　legally　or　in　reality；　recover　a　civil　existence；　and

thus　obtain；　or　at　least　nearly　so；　their　physical　maintenance。＇108＇



And　nothing　more。　Nobody；　better　than　Napoleon；　knows　how　to　make　a

good　bargain；　that　is　to　say；　to　give　a　little　in　order　to　gain　a

great　deal。　In　this　treaty　with　the　Church　he　tightens　his　purse…

strings　and　especially　avoids　parting　with　his　ready　money。　Six

hundred　and　fifty　thousand　francs　for　fifty　bishops　and　ten

archbishops；　a　little　more　than　four　million　francs　for　the　three　or

four　thousand　cantonal　curés；　in　all　five　million　francs　per　annum；　is

all　that　the　State　promises　to　the　new　clergy。　Later　on；＇109＇　he　takes

it　on　himself　to　pay　those　who　officiate　in　the　branch　chapels；

nevertheless；　in　1807；　the　entire　appropriation　for　public　worship

costs　the　State　only　twelve　million　francs　a　year；＇110＇　the　rest；　as　a

rule；　and　especially　the　salaries　of　the　forty　thousand　assistant…

priests　and　vicars；　must　be　provided　by　the　fabriques　and　the

communes。＇111＇　　Let　the　clergy　benefit　by　occasional

contributions；＇112＇　let　it　appeal　to　the　piety　of　believers　for　its

monstrances；　chalices；　albs　and　chasubles；　for　decorations　and　the

other　expenses　of　worship；　they　are　not　prohibited　from　being　liberal

to　it；　not　only　during　the　services；　on　making　collections；　but　in

their　houses；　within　closed　doors；　from　hand　to　hand。　Moreover；　they

have　the　right　of　making　gifts　or　bequests　before　a　notary；　of

establishing　foundations　in　favor　of　seminaries　and　churches　；　the

foundation；　after　verification　and　approval　by　the　Council　of　State；

becomes　operative；　only；＇113＇　it　must　consist　of　state　securities；

because；　in　this　shape；　it　helps　maintain　their　value　and　the　credit

of　the　government；　in　no　case　must　it　be　composed　of　real　estate；＇114＇

should　the　clergy　become　land…owners　it　would　enjoy　too　much　local

influence。　No　bishop；　no　curé　must　feel　himself　independent；　he　must

be　and　always　remain　a　mere　functionary；　a　hired　workman　for　whom　the

State　provides　work　in　a　shop　with　a　roof　overhead；　a　suitable　and

indispensable　atelier；　in　other　words；　the　house　of　prayer　well　known

in　each　parish　as　〃one　of　the　edifices　formerly　assigned　to　worship。〃

This　edifice　is　not　restored　to　the　Christian　community；　nor　to　its

representatives；　it　is　simply　〃placed　at　the　disposition　of　the

bishop。〃＇115＇　　The　State　retains　the　ownership　of　it；　or　transfers

this　to　the　communes；　it　con