the grand canyon of arizona-第26部分
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Indian Pottery。 Hopi； Acoma； Santa Clara； Zuni and； other pottery abounds side by side with Navaho blankets； war clubs； bridles； quirts； moccasins； Sioux beadwork； pouches； and baby…carrying baskets。 Not only can the Navaho women be found weaving blankets； but； what comparatively few white persons have ever seen； in one of the rooms is a Hopi man weaving a blanket； which I question could be told from a Navaho； even by an expert； unless he saw it woven。 In another room； the Hopi's wife is making pottery。
During the day； time； when required； the attendants will gladly show visitors the collection of rarer curios on the second floor。 An anachronism introduced here； to meet modern requirements； is the indoor stairway； but one excuses it for the sake of the interesting； symbolic； katchina figures that have been painted on the staircase walls。
Mexican Antiques。 Here one room is devoted to Mexican antiques；candlesticks； crucifixes； paintings； tapestry； bells； incense…burners； wooden plow； a model of the ancient caretta； chairs； daggers； etc。
Alaska Room。 The Alaska Room contains models of totem poles； carvings on ivory and wood； boats； snowshoes； shields； baskets of several varieties； Haida hats； etc。
Ancient Blankets。 The Old Blanket Room contains an assortment of the rarer and older Navaho； Mexican and Chimillo blankets； some of which are in the exquisite old colors used before modern aniline dyes were known。 Scattered about also are some rare pieces of ancient pottery in black and white； dug out from ruins in Arizona and New Mexico。
Hopi Altar Room。 By far the most interesting room in the house to the thoughtful inquirer is the Hopi Altar Room。 Here are two reproductions of altars made by the ethnologist； Rev。 H。 R。 Voth； who was led to his study of the Hopi while a Mennonite missionary to the Oraibi pueblo。 These altars are thus described by him：
Tao Altar。 One of the fraternities among the Hopi Indians of Arizona is the Tao or Singer Society。 Such altars are erected in connection with the sacred and secret ceremonies in underground rooms or kivas in the different Hopi villages。 Around these altars the priests arrange themselves； squatting on the floor； during their ceremonies； and engage in singing； sprinkling of sacred meal； smoking； asperging of sacred water； etc。 Here they prepare their prayer offerings； utter their prayers； and practise numerous other religious rites。 Of the slabs and sticks in the ridge of the altar those of a zigzag form represent lightning； which is supposed to emanate from clouds； which are represented by the terraced parts on top of the slabs。 The flat slabs symbolize stalks of corn； with ears of corn carved on them。 The thin sticks are supposed to represent the departed members of the society。 In front of the slabs are seen four bahos or prayer sticks； composed of two short sticks； a turkey feather； two kinds of herbs； and corn…husk pocket containing sacred meal and honey。 The object to the right； and in front of the ridge； is the tipone or sacred badge of the society。 It usually consists of an ear of corn； wound with cotton twine； and having on its top feathers of different birds； to its sides are tied sundry pieces of shell； turquoise； and other objects。
In front of the altar stands a medicine bowl； which is surrounded by six ears of corn；a yellow one on the north side； a dark bluish one on the west side； a red one south； a white one east； a black one on the northeast （representing above）； and sweet corn ear on the southwest （representing below）。 From this bowl； sacred water is asperged； and from a meal tray sacred meal is sprinkled on the altar during ceremonies。
Powamu Altar。 In the centre of the Powamu Altar is the framework。 The four scenic circles on and over the head…piece represent clouds； and the symbol on the uprights blossoms； clouds； falling rain； etc。 The larger of the idols within the framework represents Chowilawn； the God of Germination and Growth； the smaller one； Sotukonangwun； the God of Thunder； and the small； black figurine to the left of the framework is the representation of Pookong； the God of War。 Between these idols stand numerous slabs； the zigzag formed representing lightning； the straight ones stalks of corn； etc。 On each side of the altar proper stands a large wooden tablet； on which is drawn a picture of the Hiv Katchina； a personage that figures conspicuously in the ceremony on the sixth day； in which children are initiated into the Katchina order。 On this occasion masked and gorgeously dressed men； who are supposed to be represented by these pictures； flog these small candidates for initiation。
In front of the altar may be seen a square； sand picture； containing cloud symbols； prayer offerings； blossoms； etc。 Between this sand mosaic and the altar proper are rattles； a medicine bowl； ears of corn； meal trays； eagle feathers； and other objects。
The large object at the extreme left； consisting of a terraced tablet at the top； several zigzag sticks； and a stand at the bottom； represents clouds and lightning。 The tablet and also the drawing in the upper part of it represent clouds； the crooked sticks lightning； and the two circular drawings； in the lower part of the tablet； symbolize blossoms。 The small idol between two of the sticks is a figurine of Chowilawn。
The symbol to the right of the altar on the back wall； consisting of several semicircles； is that of towering rain clouds； with two rays of lightning emanating upward from it。 The small； black lines on the lower border represent rain。 To the left of the altar； on the same wall； appears the typical Hopi sun symbol； and on the left side wall that of the mythical water serpent； Balolookang。 All of these wall pictures； however； are not an essential part of the altar。
This altar； like the one of the Tao Society； was reproduced by Mr。 Voth。 One of the subjects of his study was this altar and the various ceremonies connected with it； and while he was making these studies he succeeded in obtaining the photographs； drawings； measurements； notes； etc。； from which he reproduced this elaborate piece of sacred Hopi ceremonial paraphernalia。
Hopi Door。 The door itself leading into this Altar Room is an interesting antique。 It is a real Hopi door； brought from Oraibi； and supposed to be not less than one hundred and fifty years old。 Its quaint method of swinging； the way it is put together and fastened with nothing but rawhide thongs； reveals； as few things could； the interesting inventions of necessity。 Prior to their knowledge and use of doors； which they undoubtedly gained from the Mexicans； their doorways were closed by slabs of rock； as described in the chapter on 〃The First Discoverers and Inhabitants of the Grand Canyon。〃 Those who have read that chapter will find many things of especial interest in this fascinating house。
Value of Hopi House。 The Hopi House is in itself a liberal education in the customs； arts； history； mythology； religious ceremonials； and industries of not only one； but many tribes of Indians。 It is not only a good business investment； but a place of benefit to which one should go prepared intelligently to study。 Such an one will come away with a keen appreciation of the incomparable ethnological advantages this building affords him； and he will not grudge any purchase； however large； the attractiveness of the display has led him to indulge in。
Dances in the Hopi House。 Every evening throughout the year； when a sufficient number of visitors are present to justify it； the Indians of the Hopi House give a few brief dances and songs； which faintly suggest the style of some of their more elaborate ceremonials。
CHAPTER XVI。 Visiting Indians At El Tovar
It is seldom that the traveler will find less than three Indian tribes of distinct family represented at or near El Tovar。 In the Hopi House； as is shown； there are Hopis and Navahos； and in their camp near by；there will generally be found a band of Havasupais from Havasu （Cataract） Canyon； making baskets or dressing buckskin。
To most people an Indian is an Indian； yet there is such a wonderful difference between these three peoples； in features； language； habits； religion； social customs and life； that a short comparison cannot fail to be of interest and profit。
The Hopi Indian。 The Hopis belong to the people popularly spoken of as 〃pueblos；〃 but this name signifies nothing more than town Indians； as distinguished from the nomad or wandering tribes。 They belong to the great Shoshonean family； and are a short； stocky； gentle people； given to agriculture； sheep raising； basketry and pottery； and a little weaving and silver work。
The Navaho Race。 The Navahos； on the other hand； are of Athabascan stock； coming from the north； and are blood brothers of the Tinnehs of Alaska； and the fierce and warlike Apaches of Southern Arizona。 They are natural horsemen； raising great herds of their wiry； active； hardy ponies； as well as herds of sheep and goats。 These are the chief industries of their men； and the women are the most skilled blanket…weavers in the world。
The Havasupais。 The Havasupais are of still another stock。 They belong to the Yuman family； and are kin to the Wallapais； the Mohaves； Yumas and Cocopahs o
