manifesto of the communist party-第8部分

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bourgeois　Philistine。



It　proclaimed　the　German　nation　to　be　the　model　nation；　and　the

German　petty　Philistine　to　be　the　typical　man。　　To　every

villainous　meanness　of　this　model　man　it　gave　a　hidden；　higher；

Socialistic　interpretation；　the　exact　contrary　of　its　real

character。　　It　went　to　the　extreme　length　of　directly　opposing

the　〃brutally　destructive〃　tendency　of　Communism；　and　of

proclaiming　its　supreme　and　impartial　contempt　of　all　class

struggles。　　With　very　few　exceptions；　all　the　so…called　Socialist

and　Communist　publications　that　now　（1847）　circulate　in　Germany

belong　to　the　domain　of　this　foul　and　enervating　literature。





2。　CONSERVATIVE；　OR　BOURGEOIS；　SOCIALISM



A　part　of　the　bourgeoisie　is　desirous　of　redressing　social

grievances；　in　order　to　secure　the　continued　existence　of

bourgeois　society。



To　this　section　belong　economists；　philanthropists；

humanitarians；　improvers　of　the　condition　of　the　working　class；

organisers　of　charity；　members　of　societies　for　the　prevention　of

cruelty　to　animals；　temperance　fanatics；　hole…and…corner

reformers　of　every　imaginable　kind。　　This　form　of　Socialism　has；

moreover；　been　worked　out　into　complete　systems。



We　may　site　Proudhon's　Philosophie　de　la　Misere　as　an　example　of

this　form。



The　Socialistic　bourgeois　want　all　the　advantages　of　modern

social　conditions　without　the　struggles　and　dangers　necessarily

resulting　therefrom。　　They　desire　the　existing　state　of　society

minus　its　revolutionary　and　disintegrating　elements。　　They　wish

for　a　bourgeoisie　without　a　proletariat。　　The　bourgeoisie

naturally　conceives　the　world　in　which　it　is　supreme　to　be　the

best；　and　bourgeois　Socialism　develops　this　comfortable

conception　into　various　more　or　less　complete　systems。　　In

requiring　the　proletariat　to　carry　out　such　a　system；　and　thereby

to　march　straightway　into　the　social　New　Jerusalem；　it　but

requires　in　reality；　that　the　proletariat　should　remain　within

the　bounds　of　existing　society；　but　should　cast　away　all　its

hateful　ideas　concerning　the　bourgeoisie。



A　second　and　more　practical；　but　less　systematic；　form　of　this

Socialism　sought　to　depreciate　every　revolutionary　movement　in

the　eyes　of　the　working　class；　by　showing　that　no　mere　political

reform；　but　only　a　change　in　the　material　conditions　of

existence；　in　economic　relations；　could　be　of　any　advantage　to

them。　　By　changes　in　the　material　conditions　of　existence；　this

form　of　Socialism；　however；　by　no　means　understands　abolition　of

the　bourgeois　relations　of　production；　an　abolition　that　can　be

effected　only　by　a　revolution；　but　administrative　reforms；　based

on　the　continued　existence　of　these　relations；　reforms；

therefore；　that　in　no　respect　affect　the



relations　between　capital　and　labour；　but；　at　the　best；　lessen

the　cost；　and　simplify　the　administrative　work；　of　bourgeois

government。



Bourgeois　Socialism　attains　adequate　expression；　when；　and　only

when；　it　becomes　a　mere　figure　of　speech。



Free　trade：　for　the　benefit　of　the　working　class。　　Protective

duties：　for　the　benefit　of　the　working　class。　　Prison　Reform：　for

the　benefit　of　the　working　class。　　This　is　the　last　word　and　the

only　seriously　meant　word　of　bourgeois　Socialism。



It　is　summed　up　in　the　phrase：　the　bourgeois　is　a　bourgeois　

for　the　benefit　of　the　working　class。





3。　　CRITICAL…UTOPIAN　SOCIALISM　AND　COMMUNISM



We　do　not　here　refer　to　that　literature　which；　in　every　great

modern　revolution；　has　always　given　voice　to　the　demands　of　the

proletariat；　such　as　the　writings　of　Babeuf　and　others。



The　first　direct　attempts　of　the　proletariat　to　attain　its　own

ends；　made　in　times　of　universal　excitement；　when　feudal　society

was　being　overthrown；　these　attempts　necessarily　failed；　owing　to

the　then　undeveloped　state　of　the　proletariat；　as　well　as　to　the

absence　of　the　economic　conditions　for　its　emancipation；

conditions　that　had　yet　to　be　produced；　and　could　be　produced　by

the　impending　bourgeois　epoch　alone。　　The　revolutionary

literature

that　accompanied　these　first　movements　of　the　proletariat　had

necessarily　a　reactionary　character。　　It　inculcated　universal

asceticism　and　social　levelling　in　its　crudest　form。



The　Socialist　and　Communist　systems　properly　so　called；　those　of

Saint…Simon；　Fourier；　Owen　and　others；　spring　into　existence　in

the　early　undeveloped　period；　described　above；　of　the　struggle

between　proletariat　and　bourgeoisie　（see　Section　1。　Bourgeois

and　Proletarians）。



The　founders　of　these　systems　see；　indeed；　the　class　antagonisms；

as　well　as　the　action　of　the　decomposing　elements；　in　the

prevailing

form　of　society。　　But　the　proletariat；　as　yet　in　its　infancy；

offers

to　them　the　spectacle　of　a　class　without　any　historical

initiative

or　any　independent　political　movement。



Since　the　development　of　class　antagonism　keeps　even　pace　with

the　development　of　industry；　the　economic　situation；　as　they　find

it；　does　not　as　yet　offer　to　them　the　material　conditions　for　the

emancipation　of　the　proletariat。　　They　therefore　search　after　a

new　social　science；　after　new　social　laws；　that　are　to　create

these　conditions。



Historical　action　is　to　yield　to　their　personal　inventive

action；　historically　created　conditions　of　emancipation　to

fantastic　ones；　and　the　gradual；　spontaneous　class…organisation

of　the　proletariat　to　the　organisation　of　society　specially

contrived　by　these　inventors。　　Future　history　resolves　itself；　in

their　eyes；　into　the　propaganda　and　the　practical　carrying　out　of

their　social　plans。



In　the　formation　of　their　plans　they　are　conscious　of　caring

chiefly　for　the　interests　of　the　working　class；　as　being　the　most

suffering　class。　　Only　from　the　point　of　view　of　being　the　most

suffering　class　does　the　proletariat　exist　for　them。



The　undeveloped　state　of　the　class　struggle；　as　well　as　their

own　surroundings；　causes　Socialists　of　this　kind　to　consider

themselves　far　superior　to　all　class　antagonisms。　　They　want　to

improve　the　condition　of　every　member　of　society；　even　that　of

the　most　favoured。　　Hence；　they　habitually　appeal　to　society　at

large；　without　　distinction　of　class；　nay；　by　preference；　to　the

ruling　class。　　For　how　can　people；　when　once　they　understand

their　system；　fail　to　see　in　it　the　best　possible　plan　of　the

best　possible　state　of　society？



Hence；　they　reject　all　political；　and　especially　all

revolutionary；

action；　they　wish　to　attain　their　ends　by　peaceful　means；　and

endeavour；

by　small　experiments；　necessarily　doomed　to　failure；　and　by　the

force　of

example；　to　pave　the　way　for　the　new　social　Gospel。



Such　fantastic　pictures　of　future　society；　painted　at　a　time

when　the　proletariat　is　still　in　a　very　undeveloped　state　and　has

but　a　fantastic　conception　of　its　own　position　correspond　with

the　first　instinctive　yearnings　of　that　class　for　a　general

reconstruction　of　society。



But　these　Socialist　and　Communist　publications　contain　also　a

critical　element。　　They　attack　every　principle　of　existing

society。　　Hence　they　are　full　of　the　most　valuable　materials　for

the　enlightenment　of　the　working　class。　　The　practical　measures

proposed　in　them　　…such　as　the　abolition　of　the　distinction

between　town　and　country；　of　the　family；　of　the　carrying　on　of

industries　for　the　account　of　private　individuals；　and　of　the

wage　system；　the　proclamation　of　social　harmony；　the　conversion

of　the　functions　of　the　State　into　a　mere　superintendence　of

production；　all　these　proposals；　point　solely　to　the

disappearance

of　class　antagonisms　which　were；　at　that　time；　only　just　cropping

up；

and　which；　in　these　publications；　are　recognised　in　their

earliest；

indistinct　and　undefined　forms　only。　　These　proposals；　therefore；

are　of　a　purely　Utopian　character。



The　significance　of　Critical…Utopian　Socialism　and　Communism

bears　an　inverse　relation　to　historical　development。　　In

proportion　as　the　modern　class　struggle　develops　and　takes

definite　shape；　this　fantastic　standing　apart　from　the　contest；

these　fantastic　attacks　on　it；　lose　all　practical　value　and　all

theoretical　justification。　　Therefore；　although　the　originators

of　these　systems　were；　in　many　respects；　revolutionary；　their

disciples　have；　in　every　case；　formed　mere　reactionary　sects。

They　hold　fast　by　the　original　views　of　their　masters；　in

opposition　to　the　progressive　historical　development　of　the

proletariat。　　They；　therefore；　endeavour；　and　that　consistently；

to　deaden　the　class　struggle　and　to　reconcile　the　class

antagonisms。　　They　still　dream　of　experimental　realisation　of

their　social　Utopias；　of　founding　isolated　〃phalansteres；〃　of

establishing　〃Home　Colonies；〃　　of　setting　up　a　〃Little　Icaria〃　

duodecimo　editions　of　the　New　Jerusalem　　and　to　realise　all

these　castles　in　the　air；　they　are　compelled　to　appeal　to　the

feelings　and　purses　of　the　bourgeois。　　By　degrees　they　sink　into

t