manifesto of the communist party-第6部分

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production　changes　its　character　in　proportion　as　material

production

is　changed？　　The　ruling　ideas　of　each　age　have　ever　been　the

ideas　of

its　ruling　class。



When　people　speak　of　ideas　that　revolutionise　society；　they　do

but　express　the　fact；　that　within　the　old　society；　the　elements

of　a　new　one　have　been　created；　and　that　the　dissolution　of　the

old　ideas　keeps　even　pace　with　the　dissolution　of　the　old

conditions　of　existence。



When　the　ancient　world　was　in　its　last　throes；　the　ancient

religions　were　overcome　by　Christianity。　　When　Christian　ideas

succumbed　in　the　18th　century　to　rationalist　ideas；　feudal

society　fought　its　death　battle　with　the　then　revolutionary

bourgeoisie。　　The　ideas　of　religious　liberty　and　freedom　of

conscience　merely　gave　expression　to　the　sway　of　free　competition

within　the　domain　of　knowledge。



〃Undoubtedly；〃　it　will　be　said；　〃religious；　moral；　philosophical

and　juridical　ideas　have　been　modified　in　the　course　of

historical　development。　　But　religion；　morality　philosophy；

political　science；　and　law；　constantly　survived　this　change。〃



〃There　are；　besides；　eternal　truths；　such　as　Freedom；　Justice；

etc。　that　are　common　to　all　states　of　society。　　But　Communism

abolishes　eternal　truths；　it　abolishes　all　religion；　and　all

morality；　instead　of　constituting　them　on　a　new　basis；　it

therefore

acts　in　contradiction　to　all　past　historical　experience。〃



What　does　this　accusation　reduce　itself　to？　　The　history　of　all

past　society　has　consisted　in　the　development　of　class

antagonisms；

antagonisms　that　assumed　different　forms　at　different　epochs。



But　whatever　form　they　may　have　taken；　one　fact　is　common　to　all

past　ages；　viz。；　the　exploitation　of　one　part　of　society　by　the

other。

No　wonder；　then；　that　the　social　consciousness　of　past　ages；

despite

all　the　multiplicity　and　variety　it　displays；　moves　within

certain

common　forms；　or　general　ideas；　which　cannot　completely　vanish

except

with　the　total　disappearance　of　class　antagonisms。



The　Communist　revolution　is　the　most　radical　rupture　with

traditional　property　relations；　no　wonder　that　its　development

involves　the　most　radical　rupture　with　traditional　ideas。



But　let　us　have　done　with　the　bourgeois　objections　to　Communism。



We　have　seen　above；　that　the　first　step　in　the　revolution　by　the

working　class；　is　to　raise　the　proletariat　to　the　position　of

ruling　as　to　win　the　battle　of　democracy。



The　proletariat　will　use　its　political　supremacy　top　wrest；　by

degrees；　all　capital　from　the　bourgeoisie；　to　centralise　all

instruments　of　production　in　the　hands　of　the　State；　i。e。；　of　the

proletariat　organised　as　the　ruling　class；　and　to　increase　the

total　of　productive　forces　as　rapidly　as　possible。



Of　course；　in　the　beginning；　this　cannot　be　effected　except　by

means　of　despotic　inroads　on　the　rights　of　property；　and　on　the

conditions　of　bourgeois　production；　by　means　of　measures；

therefore；

which　appear　economically　insufficient　and　untenable；　but　which；

in　the　course　of　the　movement；　outstrip　themselves；　necessitate

further　inroads　upon　the　old　social　order；　and　are　unavoidable

as　a　means　of　entirely　revolutionising　the　mode　of　production。



These　measures　will　of　course　be　different　in　different

countries。



Nevertheless　in　the　most　advanced　countries；　the　following　will

be　pretty　generally　applicable。



1。　　Abolition　of　property　in　land　and　application　of　all　rents

　　　　of　land　to　public　purposes。



2。　　A　heavy　progressive　or　graduated　income　tax。



3。　　Abolition　of　all　right　of　inheritance。



4。　　Confiscation　of　the　property　of　all　emigrants　and　rebels。



5。　　Centralisation　of　credit　in　the　hands　of　the　State；　by　means

　　　　of　a　national　bank　with　State　capital　and　an　exclusive

monopoly。



6。　　Centralisation　of　the　means　of　communication　and　transport

　　　　in　the　hands　of　the　State。



7。　　Extension　of　factories　and　instruments　of　production　owned　by

the

　　　　State；　the　bringing　into　cultivation　of　waste…lands；　and　the

　　　　improvement　of　the　soil　generally　in　accordance　with　a　common

plan。



8。　　Equal　liability　of　all　to　labour。　　Establishment　of

　　　　industrial　armies；　especially　for　agriculture。



9。　　Combination　of　agriculture　with　manufacturing　industries；

gradual　abolition　of　the　distinction　between　town　and　country；　by

a　more　equable　distribution　of　the　population　over　the　country。



10。　　Free　education　for　all　children　in　public　schools。

Abolition　of　children's　factory　labour　in　its　present　form。

Combination　of　education　with　industrial　production；　&c。；　&c。



When；　in　the　course　of　development；　class　distinctions　have

disappeared；　and　all　production　has　been　concentrated　in　the

hands　of　a　vast　association　of　the　whole　nation；　the　public　power

will　lose　its　political　character。　　Political　power；　properly　so

called；　is　merely　the　organised　power　of　one　class　for　oppressing

another。　　If　the　proletariat　during　its　contest　with　the

bourgeoisie　is　compelled；　by　the　force　of　circumstances；　to

organise　itself　as　a　class；　if；　by　means　of　a　revolution；　it

makes　itself　the　ruling　class；　and；　as　such；　sweeps　away　by　force

the　old　conditions　of　production；　then　it　will；　along　with　these

conditions；　have　swept　away　the　conditions　for　the　existence　of

class　antagonisms　and　of　classes　generally；　and　will　thereby　have

abolished　its　own　supremacy　as　a　class。



In　place　of　the　old　bourgeois　society；　with　its　classes　and

class　antagonisms；　we　shall　have　an　association；　in　which　the

free　development　of　each　is　the　condition　for　the　free

development　of　all。









III　SOCIALIST　AND　COMMUNIST　LITERATURE





1。　REACTIONARY　SOCIALISM





A。　Feudal　Socialism





Owing　to　their　historical　position；　it　became　the　vocation　of

the　aristocracies　of　France　and　England　to　write　pamphlets

against　modern　bourgeois　society。　　In　the　French　revolution　of

July　1830；　and　in　the　English　reform　agitation；　these

aristocracies　again　succumbed　to　the　hateful　upstart。

Thenceforth；　a　serious　political　contest　was　altogether　out　of

the　question。　　A　literary　battle　alone　remained　possible。　　But

even　in　the　domain　of　literature　the　old　cries　of　the　restoration

period　had　become　impossible。



In　order　to　arouse　sympathy；　the　aristocracy　were　obliged　to

lose　sight；　apparently；　of　their　own　interests；　and　to　formulate

their　indictment　against　the　bourgeoisie　in　the　interest　of　the

exploited　working　class　alone。　　Thus　the　aristocracy　took　their

revenge　by　singing　lampoons　on　their　new　master；　and　whispering

in　his　ears　sinister　prophecies　of　coming　catastrophe。



In　this　way　arose　Feudal　Socialism：　half　lamentation；　half

lampoon；

half　echo　of　the　past；　half　menace　of　the　future；　at　times；　by

its　bitter；

witty　and　incisive　criticism；　striking　the　bourgeoisie　to　the

very　heart's

core；　but　always　ludicrous　in　its　effect；　through　total

incapacity　to

comprehend　the　march　of　modern　history。



The　aristocracy；　in　order　to　rally　the　people　to　them；　waved　the

proletarian　alms…bag　in　front　for　a　banner。　　But　the　people；　so

often　as　it　joined　them；　saw　on　their　hindquarters　the　old　feudal

coats　of　arms；　and　deserted　with　loud　and　irreverent　laughter。



One　section　of　the　French　Legitimists　and　〃Young　England〃

exhibited　this　spectacle。



In　pointing　out　that　their　mode　of　exploitation　was　different　to

that　of　the　bourgeoisie；　the　feudalists　forget　that　they

exploited　under　circumstances　and　conditions　that　were　quite

different；　and　that　are　now　antiquated。　　In　showing　that；　under

their　rule；　the　modern　proletariat　never　existed；　they　forget

that　the　modern　bourgeoisie　is　the　necessary　offspring　of　their

own　form　of　society。



For　the　rest；　so　little　do　they　conceal　the　reactionary

character　of　their　criticism　that　their　chief　accusation　against

the　bourgeoisie　amounts　to　this；　that　under　the　bourgeois　regime

a　class　is　being　developed；　which　is　destined　to　cut　up　root　and

branch　the　old　order　of　society。



What　they　upbraid　the　bourgeoisie　with　is　not　so　much　that　it

creates

a　proletariat；　as　that　it　creates　a　revolutionary　proletariat。



In　political　practice；　therefore；　they　join　in　all　coercive

measures　against　the　working　class；　and　in　ordinary　life；　despite

their　high　falutin　phrases；　they　stoop　to　pick　up　the　golden

apples　dropped　from　the　tree　of　industry；　and　to　barter　truth；

love；

and　honour　for　traffic　in　wool；　beetroot…sugar；　and　potato

spirits。



As　the　parson　has　ever　gone　band　in　hand　with　the　landlord；

so　has　Clerical　Socialism　with　Feudal　Socialism。



Nothing　is　easier　than　to　give　Christian　asceticism　a　Socialist

tinge。

Has　not　Christianity　declaimed　against　private　property；　against

marriage；

against　the　State？　　Has　it　not　preached　in　the　place　of　these；

charity　and

poverty；　celibacy　and　mortification　of　the　flesh；　monastic　life