manifesto of the communist party-第5部分

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abolition

of　bourgeois　individuality；　bourgeois　independence；　and　bourgeois

freedom　is　undoubtedly　aimed　at。



By　freedom　is　meant；　under　the　present　bourgeois　conditions　of

production；　free　trade；　free　selling　and　buying。

But　if　selling　and　buying　disappears；　free　selling　and　buying

disappears　also。　　This　talk　about　free　selling　and　buying；　and

all　the　other　〃brave　words〃　of　our　bourgeoisie　about　freedom　in

general；　have　a　meaning；　if　any；　only　in　contrast　with　restricted

selling　and　buying；　with　the　fettered　traders　of　the　Middle　Ages；

but　have　no　meaning　when　opposed　to　the　Communistic　abolition　of

buying　and　selling；　of　the　bourgeois　conditions　of　production；

and　of　the　bourgeoisie　itself。



You　are　horrified　at　our　intending　to　do　away　with　private

property。　　But　in　your　existing　society；　private　property　is

already　done　away　with　for　nine…tenths　of　the　population；　its

existence　for　the　few　is　solely　due　to　its　non…existence　in　the

hands　of　those　nine…tenths。　　You　reproach　us；　therefore；　with

intending　to　do　away　with　a　form　of　property；　the　necessary

condition　for　whose　existence　is　the　non…existence　of　any

property　for　the　immense　majority　of　society。



In　one　word；　you　reproach　us　with　intending　to　do　away　with　your

property。　　Precisely　so；　that　is　just　what　we　intend。



From　the　moment　when　labour　can　no　longer　be　converted　into

capital；　money；　or　rent；　into　a　social　power　capable　of　being

monopolised；　i。e。；　from　the　moment　when　individual　property　can

no　longer　be　transformed　into　bourgeois　property；　into　capital；

from　that　moment；　you　say　individuality　vanishes。



You　must；　therefore；　confess　that　by　〃individual〃　you　mean　no

other　person　than　the　bourgeois；　than　the　middle…class　owner　of

property。　　This　person　must；　indeed；　be　swept　out　of　the　way；　and

made　impossible。



Communism　deprives　no　man　of　the　power　to　appropriate　the

products

of　society；　all　that　it　does　is　to　deprive　him　of　the　power　to

subjugate　the　labour　of　others　by　means　of　such　appropriation。



It　has　been　objected　that　upon　the　abolition　of　private　property

all　work　will　cease；　and　universal　laziness　will　overtake　us。



According　to　this；　bourgeois　society　ought　long　ago　to　have　gone

to　the　dogs　through　sheer　idleness；　for　those　of　its　members　who

work；　acquire　nothing；　and　those　who　acquire　anything；　do　not

work。

The　whole　of　this　objection　is　but　another　expression　of　the

tautology：

that　there　can　no　longer　be　any　wage…labour　when　there　is　no

longer

any　capital。



All　objections　urged　against　the　Communistic　mode　of　producing

and　appropriating　material　products；　have；　in　the　same　way；　been

urged　against　the　Communistic　modes　of　producing　and

appropriating　intellectual　products。　　Just　as；　to　the　bourgeois；

the　disappearance　of　class　property　is　the　disappearance　of

production　itself；　so　the　disappearance　of　class　culture　is　to

him　identical　with　the　disappearance　of　all　culture。



That　culture；　the　loss　of　which　he　laments；　is；　for　the　enormous

majority；　a　mere　training　to　act　as　a　machine。



But　don't　wrangle　with　us　so　long　as　you　apply；　to　our　intended

abolition　of　bourgeois　property；　the　standard　of　your　bourgeois

notions　of　freedom；　culture；　law；　etc。　　Your　very　ideas　are　but

the　outgrowth　of　the　conditions　of　your　bourgeois　production　and

bourgeois　property；　just　as　your　jurisprudence　is　but　the　will　of

your　class　made　into　a　law　for　all；　a　will；　whose　essential

character　and　direction　are　determined　by　the　economical

conditions　of　existence　of　your　class。



The　selfish　misconception　that　induces　you　to　transform　into

eternal　laws　of　nature　and　of　reason；　the　social　forms　springing

from　your　present　mode　of　production　and　form　of

property…historical　relations　that　rise　and　disappear　in　the

progress　of　production　　this　misconception　you　share　with　every

ruling　class　that　has　preceded　you。　　What　you　see　clearly　in　the

case　of　ancient　property；　what　you　admit　in　the　case　of　feudal

property；　you　are　of　course　forbidden　to　admit　in　the　case　of

your　own　bourgeois　form　of　property。



Abolition　of　the　family！　　Even　the　most　radical　flare　up　at　this

infamous　proposal　of　the　Communists。



On　what　foundation　is　the　present　family；　the　bourgeois　family；

based？　　On　capital；　on　private　gain。　　In　its　completely　developed

form　this　family　exists　only　among　the　bourgeoisie。　　But　this

state　of　things　finds　its　complement　in　the　practical　absence　of

the　family　among　the　proletarians；　and　in　public　prostitution。



The　bourgeois　family　will　vanish　as　a　matter　of　course　when　its

complement　vanishes；　and　both　will　vanish　with　the　vanishing　of

capital。



Do　you　charge　us　with　wanting　to　stop　the　exploitation　of

children　by　their　parents？　　To　this　crime　we　plead　guilty。



But；　you　will　say；　we　destroy　the　most　hallowed　of　relations；

when　we　replace　home　education　by　social。



And　your　education！　　Is　not　that　also　social；　and　determined　by

the　social　conditions　under　which　you　educate；　by　the

intervention；　direct　or　indirect；　of　society；　by　means　of

schools；　etc。？　　　The　Communists　have　not　invented　the

intervention　of　society　in　education；　they　do　but　seek　to　alter

the　character　of　that　intervention；　and　to　rescue　education　from

the　influence　of　the　ruling　class。



The　bourgeois　clap…trap　about　the　family　and　education；　about

the　hallowed　co…relation　of　parent　and　child；　becomes　all　the

more　disgusting；　the　more；　by　the　action　of　Modern　Industry；　all

family　ties　among　the　proletarians　are　torn　asunder；　and　their

children　transformed　into　simple　articles　of　commerce　and

instruments　of　labour。



But　you　Communists　would　introduce　community　of　women；　screams

the　whole　bourgeoisie　in　chorus。



The　bourgeois　sees　in　his　wife　a　mere　instrument　of　production。

He　hears　that　the　instruments　of　production　are　to　be　exploited

in

common；　and；　naturally；　can　come　to　no　other　conclusion　than　that

the　lot　of　being　common　to　all　will　likewise　fall　to　the　women。



He　has　not　even　a　suspicion　that　the　real　point　is　to　do　away

with　the　status　of　women　as　mere　instruments　of　production。



For　the　rest；　nothing　is　more　ridiculous　than　the

virtuous　indignation　of　our　bourgeois　at　the　community　of　women

which；　they　pretend；　is　to　be　openly　and　officially　established

by　the　Communists。　　The　Communists　have　no　need　to　introduce

community　of　women；　it　has　existed　almost　from　time　immemorial。



Our　bourgeois；　not　content　with　having　the　wives　and　daughters　of

their

proletarians　at　their　disposal；　not　to　speak　of　common

prostitutes；

take　the　greatest　pleasure　in　seducing　each　other's　wives。



Bourgeois　marriage　is　in　reality　a　system　of　wives　in　common　and

thus；

at　the　most；　what　the　Communists　might　possibly　be　reproached

with；

is　that　they　desire　to　introduce；　in　substitution　for　a

hypocritically

concealed；　an　openly　legalised　community　of　women。　　For　the　rest；

it　is　self…evident　that　the　abolition　of　the　present　system　of

production　must　bring　with　it　the　abolition　of　the　community

of　women　springing　from　that　system；　i。e。；　of　prostitution

both　public　and　private。



The　Communists　are　further　reproached　with　desiring　to　abolish

countries　and　nationality。



The　working　men　have　no　country。　　We　cannot　take　from　them　what

they　have　not　got。　　Since　the　proletariat　must　first　of　all

acquire　political　supremacy；　must　rise　to　be　the　leading　class　of

the　nation；　must　constitute　itself　the　nation；　it　is；　so　far；

itself　national；　though　not　in　the　bourgeois　sense　of　the　word。



National　differences　and　antagonisms　between　peoples　are　daily

more　and　more　vanishing；　owing　to　the　development　of　the

bourgeoisie；　to　freedom　of　commerce；　to　the　world…market；　to

uniformity　in　the　mode　of　production　and　in　the　conditions　of

life　corresponding　thereto。



The　supremacy　of　the　proletariat　will　cause　them　to　vanish　still

faster。

United　action；　of　the　leading　civilised　countries　at　least；　is

one　of

the　first　conditions　for　the　emancipation　of　the　proletariat。



In　proportion　as　the　exploitation　of　one　individual　by　another

is　put　an　end　to；　the　exploitation　of　one　nation　by　another　will

also　be　put　an　end　to。　　In　proportion　as　the　antagonism　between

classes　within　the　nation　vanishes；　the　hostility　of　one　nation

to　another　will　come　to　an　end。



The　charges　against　Communism　made　from　a　religious；　a

philosophical；　and；　generally；　from　an　ideological　standpoint；

are　not　deserving　of　serious　examination。



Does　it　require　deep　intuition　to　comprehend　that　man's　ideas；

views　and　conceptions；　in　one　word；　man's　consciousness；　changes

with　every　change　in　the　conditions　of　his　material　existence；　in

his　social　relations　and　in　his　social　life？



What　else　does　the　history　of　ideas　prove；　than　that　intellectual

production　changes　its　character　in　proportion　as　material

production

is　chan