the origins of contemporary france-3-第96部分

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even　less　disposed　than　the　independent　gentleman；　to　give　up　his

private　affairs　for　public　affairs。　His　business　will　not　wait　for

him；　he　being　confined　to　his　office；　store　or　counting…room。　For

example；　〃the　wine…dealers＇76＇　are　nearly　all　aristocrats　in　the　sense

of　this　word　at　this　period；〃　but　〃never　were　their　sales　so　great　as

during　the　insurrections　of　the　people　and　in　revolutionary　days。〃

Hence　the　impossibility　of　obtaining　their　services　in　those　days。

〃They　are　seen　on　their　premises　very　active；　with　three　or　four　of

their　assistants；〃　and　turn　a　deaf　ear　to　every　appeal。　〃How　can　we

leave　when　custom　is　so　good？　People　must　have　their　wants　supplied。

Who　will　attend　to　them　if　I　and　the　waiters　should　go　away？　〃　

There　are　other　causes　of　their　weakness。　All　grades　in　the　National

Guard　and　all　places　in　the　municipality　having　been　given　up　to　the

Jacobin　extremists；　they　have　no　chiefs：　the　Girondists　are　incapable

of　rallying　them；　while　Garat；　the　Minister；　is　unwilling　to　employ

them。　Moreover；　they　are　divided　amongst　themselves；　no　one　having　any

confidence　in　the　other；　〃it　being　necessary　to　chain　them　together　to

have　anything　accomplished。〃＇77＇　Besides　this；　the　remembrance　of

September　weighs　upon　their　spirits　like　a　nightmare。　　All　this

converts　people　into　a　timid　flock；　ready　to　scamper　at　the　slightest

alarm。　　〃In　the　Contrat　Social　section；〃　says　an　officer　of　the

National　Guard；　〃one…third　of　those　who　are　able　to　defend　the　section

are　off　in　the　country；　another　third　are　hiding　away　in　their　houses；

and　the　other　third　dare　not　do　anything。〃＇78＇　　〃If；　out　of　fifty

thousand　moderates；　you　can　collect　together　three　thousand；　I　shall

be　very　much　astonished。　And　if；　out　of　these　three　thousand；　five

hundred　only　are　found　to　agree；　and　have　courage　enough　to　express

their　opinion；　I　shall　be　still　more　astonished。　　The　latter；　for

instance；　must　expect　to　be　Septemberized！〃＇79＇　　This　they　know；　and

hence　they　keep　silent　and　bend　beneath　the　yoke。　〃What；　indeed；　would

the　majority　of　the　sections　do　when　it　is　demonstrated　that　a　dozen

raving　maniacs　at　the　head　of　a　sans…culottes　section　puts　the　other

forty…seven　sections　of　Paris　to　flight？　〃　　Through　this　desertion

of　the　state　and　themselves；　they　surrender　in　advance；　and；　in　this

great　city；　as　formerly　in　ancient　Athens　and　Rome；　we　see　alongside

of　an　immense　population　of　subjects　without　any　rights；　a　small

despotic　oligarchy　in　itself　composing　the　sovereign　people。＇80＇





VI。



Composition　of　the　party。　　Its　numbers　and　quality　decline。　　The

Underlings。　　Idle　and　dissipated　workmen。　　The　suburban　rabble。　

Bandits　and　blackguards。　　Prostitutes。　　The　September　actors。



Not　that　this　minority　has　been　on　the　increase　since　the　10th　of

August；　quite　the　reverse。　　On　the　19th　of　November；　1792；　its

candidate　for　the　office　of　Mayor　of　Paris；　Lhuillier；　obtains　only

4；896　votes。＇81＇　　On　the　18th　of　June；　1793；　its　candidate　for　the

command　of　the　National　Guard；　Henriot；　will　secure　but　4；573　votes；

to　ensure　his　election　it　will　be　necessary　to　cancel　the　election

twice；　impose　the　open　vote；　and　relieve　voters　from　showing　their

section　tickets；　which　will　permit　the　trusty　to　vote　successively　in

other　quarters　and　apparently　double　their　number　by　allowing　each　to

vote　two　or　three　times。＇82＇　　Putting　all　together；　there　are　not　six

thousand　Jacobins　in　Paris；　all　of　them　sans…culottes　and　partisans　of

the　〃Mountain。〃＇83＇　Ordinarily；　in　a　section　assembly；　they　number

〃ten　or　fifteen；〃　at　most　〃thirty　or　forty；〃　〃organized　into　a

permanent　tyrannical　board。〃　。　。　。　〃The　rest　listen　and　raise　their

hands　mechanically。〃　。　。　。　〃Three　or　four　hundred　Visionaries；　whose

devotion　is　as　frank　as　it　is　stupid；　and　two　or　three　hundred　more　to

whom　the　result　of　the　last　revolution　did　not　bring　the　places　and

honors　they　too　evidently　relied　on；〃　form　the　entire　staff　of　the

party；　〃these　are　the　clamorers　of　the　sections　and　of　the　groups；　the

only　ones　who　have　clearly　declared　themselves　against　order；　the

apostles　of　a　new　sedition；　scathed　or　ruined　men　who　need　disturbance

to　keep　alive；〃　while　under　these　comes　the　train　of　Marat；　vile

women；　worthless　wretches；　and　〃paid　shouters　at　three　francs　a

day。〃＇84＇







To　this　must　be　added　that　the　quality　of　the　factious　is　still　more

reduced　than　their　number。　Plenty　of　honest　men；　small　tradesmen；　wine

dealers；　cook…shop　keepers；　clerks；　who；　on　the　10th　of　August；　were

against　the　Court；　are　now　against　the　Commune。＇85＇　The　September

affair；　probably；　disgusted　them；　and　they　were　not　disposed　to

recommence　the　massacres。　A　workman　named　Gonchon；　for　example；　the

usual　spokesman　of　the　faubourg　SaintAntoine；　an　upright　man；　sincere

and　disinterested；　supports　Roland；　and；　very　soon；　at　Lyons；　seeing

how　things　are　with　his　own　eyes；　he　is　to　loyally　endorse　the　revolt

of　the　moderates　against　the　Maratists。＇86＇　　　〃The　respectable　class

of　the　arts；　says　observers；　〃　is　gradually　leaving　the　faction　to

join　the　sane　party。〃＇87＇　〃Now　that　water…carriers；　porters　and　the

like　storm　the　loudest　in　the　sections；　it　is　plain　to　all　eyes　that

the　gangrene　of　disgust　has　reached　the　fruit…sellers；　tailors；　shoe…

makers；　bar　owners；〃　and　others　of　that　class。＇88＇　　　Towards　the

end；　〃butchers　of　both　classes；　high　and　low；　are　aristocratized。〃　

In　the　same　way；　〃the　women　in　the　markets；　except　a　few　who　are　paid

and　whose　husbands　are　Jacobins；　curse　and　swear；　fume；　fret　and

storm。〃　〃This　morning；〃　says　a　merchant；　〃four　or　five　of　them　were

here；　they　no　longer　insist　on　being　called　citoyennes；　they　declare

that　they　〃spit　on　the　republic。〃＇89＇　…　The　only　remaining　patriot

females　are　from　the　lowest　of　the　low　class；　the　harpies　who　pillage

shops　as　much　through　envy　as　through　necessity；　〃boat…women；

embittered　by　hard　labor；＇90＇　。　。　。　jealous　of　the　grocer's　wife；

better　dressed　than　herself；　as　the　latter　was　of　the　wives　of　the

attorney　and　counselor；　as　these　were　of　those　of　the　financier　and

noble。　The　woman　of　the　people　thinks　she　cannot　do　too　much　to　lower

the　grocer's　wife　to　her　own　level。〃







Thus　reduced　to　its　dregs　through　the　withdrawal　of　its　tolerably

honest　recruits；　the　faction　now　comprises　none　but　the　scum　of　the

populace；　first；　〃subordinate　workmen　who　look　upon　the　downfall　of

their　employers　with　a　certain　satisfaction；〃　then；　the　small

retailers；　the　old…clothes　dealers；　plasterers；　〃those　who　offer

second…hand　coats　for　sale　on　the　fringes　of　the　market；　fourth…rate

cooks　who；　at　the　cemetery　of　the　Innocents；　sell　meat　and　beans　under

umbrella　tops；〃＇91＇　next；　domestics　highly　pleased　with　now　being

masters　of　their　masters；　kitchen　helpers；　grooms；　lackeys；　janitors；

every　species　of　valet；　who；　in　contempt　of　the　law；　voted　at　the

elections＇92＇　and　at　the　Jacobin　club　form　a　group　of　〃silly　people〃

satisfied　〃that　they　were　universal　geographers　because　they　had

ridden　post　once　or　twice；〃　and　that　they　were　politicians　〃because

they　had　read　'The　Four　Sons　of　Aymon。'〃＇93＇　　But；　in　this　mud；

spouting　and　spreading　around　in　broad　daylight；　it　is　the　ordinary

scum　of　great　cities　which　forms　the　grossest　flux；　the　outcasts　of

every　trade　and　profession；　dissipated　workmen　of　all　kinds；　the

irregular　and　marauding　troops　of　the　social　army；　the　class　which；

〃discharged　from　La　Pitié；　run　through　a　career　of　disorder　and　end　in

Bicêtre。〃＇94＇　　〃From　La　Pitié　to　Bicêtre〃　is　a　well　known　popular

adage。　　Men　of　this　stamp　are　without　any　principle　whatever。　If　they

have　fifty　francs　they　live　on　fifty；　and　if　they　have　only　five　they

live　on　five；　spending　everything；　they　are　always　out　of　pocket　and

save　nothing。　This　is　the　class　that　took　the　Bastille；＇95＇　got　up　the

10th　of　August；　etc。　　It　is　the　same　class　which　filled　the　galleries

in　the　Assembly　with　all　sorts　of　characters；　filling　up　the　groups；〃

and；　during　all　this　time　it　never　did　a　stroke　of　work。　Consequently；

〃a　wife　who　owns　a　watch；　ear…rings；　finger…rings；　any　jewels；　first

takes　them　to　the　pawnbrokers　where　they　end　up　being　sold。　At　this

period　many　of　these　people　owe　the　butcher；　the　baker；　the　wine…

dealer；　etc。；　nobody　trusts　them　any　more。　They　have　ceased　to　love

their　wives；　and　their　children　cry　for　food；　while　the　father　is　at

the　Jacobin　club　or　at　the　Tuileries。　　Many　of　them　have　abandoned

their　position　and　trade；〃　while；　either　through　〃indolence〃　or

consciousness　〃of　their　incapacity；〃　。　。　。　　〃they　would　with　a　kind　of

sadness　see　this　trade　come　back　to　life。〃　That　of　a　political　gossip；

of　a　paid　claqueur；　is　more　agreeable；　and　such　is　the　opinion　of　all

the　idlers；　summoned　by　the　bugle　to　work　on　the　camps　around　Paris。　…

…　Here；＇96＇　eight　thousand　men　are　paid　forty　sous　a　day　〃to　do

nothing〃；　〃the　workmen　come　along　at　eight；　nine　and　ten　o'clock　in