the origins of contemporary france-3-第36部分

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！



and　workers　。　。　。　An　inviolable　attachment　。　。　。　to　the　constitution；

and　mainly　to　national　Sovereignty；　to　political　equality　and

constitutional　monarchy；　which　are　its　most　important　characteristics

and　their　almost　unanimous　sentiment。〃



＇72＇　Governor　Morris；　letter　of　June　20；　1792。



＇73＇　〃Souvenirs〃；　by　Pasquier　（Etienne…Dennis；　duc）；　chancelier　de

France。　in　VI　volumes；　Librarie　Plon；　　Paris　1893。　Vol。　I。　page　84。



＇74＇　Malouet；　II。　203。　Every　report　that　came　in　from　the　provinces

announced　（to　the　King　and　Queen）　a　perceptible　amelioration　of　public

opinion；　which　was　becoming　more　and　more　perverted。　That　which

reached　them　was　uninfluenced；　whilst　the　opinions　of　clubs；　taverns；

and　street…corners　gained　enormous　power；　the　time　being　at　hand　when

there　was　to　be　no　other　power。〃　　The　figures　given　above　are　by

Mallet　du　Pan；　〃Mémoires；〃　II。　120。



＇75＇　Moniteur；　XII。　776　（session　of　June　28）。　Speech　by　M。　Lamarque；

in　a　district　court：　〃The　incivism　of　the　district　courts　in　general

is　well　known。〃



＇76＇　Bertand　de　Molleville；　〃Mémoires；〃　VI。　22。　　After　having

received　the　above　instructions　from　the　King；　Bertrand　calls　on　the

Queen；　who　makes　the　same　remark：　〃Do　you　not　think　that　fidelity　to

one's　oath　is　the　only　plan　to　pursue？〃　　〃Yes；　Madame；　certainly。〃

〃Very　well；　rest　assured　that　we　shall　not　waver。　Come；　M。　Bertrand；

take　courage；　I　hope　that　with　firmness；　patience；　and　what　comes　of

that；　all　is　not　yet　lost。〃



＇77＇　M。　de　Lavalette；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。　100。　　　Lavalette；　in　the

beginning　of　September；　1792；　enlists　as　a　volunteer　and　sets　out；

along　with　two　friends；　carrying　his　knapsack　on　his　back；　dressed　in

a　short　and　wearing　a　forage　cap。　　The　following　shows　the　sentiments

of　the　peasantry：　In　a　village　of　makers　of　wooden　shoes；　near

Vermanton　（in　the　vicinity　of　Autun）；　〃two　days　before　our　arrival　a

bishop　and　two　vicars；　who　were　escaping　in　a　carriage；　were　stopped

by　them。　They　rummaged　the　vehicle　and　found　some　hundreds　of　francs；

and；　to　avoid　returning　these；　they　thought　it　best　to　massacre　their

unfortunate　owners。　This　sort　of　occupation　seeming　more　lucrative　to

these　good　people　than　the　other　one；　they　were　on　the　look…out　for

all　wayfarers。〃　The　three　volunteers　are　stopped　by　a　little　hump…

backed　official　and　conducted　to　the　municipality；　a　sort　of　market；

where　their　passports　are　read　and　their　knapsacks　are　about　to　be

examined。　〃We　were　lost；　when　d'Aubonnes；　who　was　very　tall　jumped　on

the　table。　。　。　and　began　with　a　volley　of　imprecations　and　market

slang　which　took　his　hearers　by　surprise。　Soon　raising　his　style；　he

launched　out　in　patriotic　terms；　liberty；　sovereignty　of　the　people；

with　such　vehemence　and　in　so　loud　a　voice；　as　to　suddenly　effect　a

great　change　and　bring　down　thunders　of　applause。　　But　the　crazy

fellow　did　not　stop　there。　Ordering　Leclerc　de　la　Ronde　imperiously　to

mount　on　the　table；　he　addressed　the　assemblage：　〃You　shall　see

whether　we　are　not　Paris　republicans。　Now；　sir；　say　your　republican

catechism　…　'What　is　God？　what　are　the　People？　and　what　is　a　King？'

His　friend；　with　an　air　of　contrition　and　in　a　nasal　tone　of　voice；

twisting　himself　about　like　a　harlequin；　replies：　'God　is　matter；　the

People　are　the　poor；　and　the　King　is　a　lion；　a　tiger；　an　elephant　who

tears　to　pieces；　devours；　and　crushes　the　people　down。'〃　　〃They

could　no　longer　restrain　themselves。　The　shouts；　cries；　and　enthusiasm

were　unbounded。　They　embraced　the　actors；　hugged　them；　and　bore　them

away。　　Each　strove　to　carry　us　home　with　him；　and　we　had　to　drink　all

round〃



＇78＇　The　reader　will　meet　the　French　expression　sans…culottes　again

and　again　in　Taine's　or　any　other　book　about　the　French　revolution。

The　nobles　wore　a　kind　of　breeches　terminating　under　the　knee　while

tight　long　stockings；　fastened　to　the　trousers；　exposed　their　calves。

The　male　leg　was　as　important　an　adornment　for　the　nobles　as　it　was　to

be　for　the　women　in　the　20th　Century。　The　poor；　on　the　other　hand；

wore　crude　long　trousers；　mostly　without　a　crease；　often　without　socks

or　shoes；　barefoot　in　the　summer　and　wooden　shoed　in　the　winter。　（SR）。



＇79＇　The　song　of　　〃Veillons　au　salut　de　l'empire〃　belongs　to　the　end

of　1791。　The　〃Marseillaise〃　was　composed　in　April；　1792。



＇80＇　Mercure　de　France；　Nov。　23；　1791。



＇81＇　Philippe　de　Ségur；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。　（at　Fresnes；　a　village　situated

about　seven　leagues　from　Paris；　a　few　days　after　Sep。　2；　1792）。　〃A

band　of　these　demagogues　pursued　a　large　farmer　of　this　place；

suspected　of　royalism　and　denounced　as　a　monopoliser　because　he　was

rich。　These　madmen　had　seized　him；　and；　without　any　other　form　of

trial；　were　about　to　put　an　end　to　him；　when　my　father　ran　up　to　them。

He　addressed　them；　and　so　successfully　as　to　change　their　rage　into　a

no　less　exaggerated　enthusiasm　for　humanity。　Animated　by　their　new

transports；　they　obliged　the　poor　farmer；　still　pale　and　trembling；

and　whom　they　were　just　going　to　hang　on　its　branches；　to　drink　and

dance　along　with　them　around　the　tree　of　liberty。〃



＇82＇　Lacretelle；　〃Dix　ans　d'Epreuves；〃　78。　〃The　Girondists　wanted　to

fashion　a　Roman　people　out　of　the　dregs　of　Romulus；　and；　what　is

worse；　out　of　the　brigands　of　the　5th　of　October。〃



＇83＇　　These　pages　must　have　made　a　strong　impression　upon　Lenin　when

he　read　them　in　the　National　Library　in　Paris　around　1907。　（SR）。



＇84＇　Lafayette；　I。　442。　〃The　Girondists　sought　in　the　war　an

opportunity　for　attacking　with　advantage；　the　constitutionalists　of

1791　and　their　institutions。〃　　Brissot　（Address　to　my　constituents）。

〃We　sought　in　the　war　an　opportunity　to　set　traps　for　the　king；　to

expose　his　bad　faith　and　his　relationship　with　the　emigrant　princes。〃

…　Moniteur；　（session　of　April　3；　1793）。　Speech　by　Brissot：　〃'I　had

told　the　Jacobins　what　my　opinion　was；　and　had　proved　to　them　that　war

was　the　sole　means　of　unveiling　the　perfidy　of　Louis　XVI。　The　event

has　justified　my　opinion。〃　　Buchez　et　Roux；　VIII。　60；　216；　217。　The

decree　of　the　Legislative　Assembly　is　dated　Jan。　25；　the　first　money

voted　by　a　club　for　the　making　of　pikes　is　on　Jan。　31；　and　the　first

article　by　Brissot；　on　the　red　cap；　is　on　Feb。　6。



＇85＇　Buchez　et　Roux；　XIII。　　217　（proposal　of　a　woman；　member　of　the

club　of　l'Evêché；　Jan。　31；　1792）。　　Articles　in　the　Gazette

Universelle；　Feb。11；　and　in　the　Patriote　Fran？ais；　Feb。　13。　…

Moniteur；　　XI。　576　（session　of　March　6）。　…　Buchez　et　Roux；　XV。

（session　of　June　10）。　Petition　of　8；000　national　guards　in　Paris：

〃This　faction　which　stirs　up　popular　vengeance　。　。　。　which　seeks　to

put　the　caps　of　labor　in　conflict　with　the　military　casques；　the　pike

with　the　gun；　the　rustic's　dress　with　the　uniform。〃



＇86＇　Mallet　du　Pan；　〃Mémoires；〃　II　429　（note　of　July；　1792）。　…　Mercure

de　France；　　March　10；　1792；　article　by　Mallet　du　Pan。









CHAPTER　IV。　　The　Departments。



I。



Provence　in　1792。　　Early　supremacy　of　the　Jacobins　in　Marseilles。　

Composition　of　the　party。　　The　club　and　the　municipality。　

Expulsion　of　the　〃Earnest〃　regiment。



Should　you　like　to　see　the　revolutionary　tree　when；　for　the　first

time；　it　came　fully　into　leaf；　it　is　in　the　department　of　the　Bouches…

du…Rh？ne　you　have　to　look。　　Nowhere　else　had　it　been　so　precocious；

nowhere　were　local　circumstances　and　native　temperament　so　well

adapted　to　enhance　its　growth。　　〃　A　blistering　sky；　an　excessive

climate；　an　arid　soil；　rocks；　。　。　。　savage　rivers；　torrential　or　dry

or　overburdened；〃　blinding　dust；　nerves　upset　by　steady　northern

blasts　or　by　the　intermittent　gusts　of　the　sirocco。　　A　sensual　race

choleric　and　impetuous；　with　no　intellectual　or　moral　ballast；　in

which　the　mixture　of　Celt　and　Latin　has　destroyed　the　humane　suavity

of　the　Celt　and　the　serious　earnestness　of　the　Roman；　〃complete；

tough；　powerful；　and　restless　men；〃＇1＇　and　yet　gay；　spontaneous；

eloquent；　dupes　of　their　own　bombast；　suddenly　carried　away　by　a　flow

of　words　and　superficial　enthusiasm。　　Their　principal　city　numbering

120；000　souls；　in　which　commercial　and　maritime　risks　foster

innovating　and　adventurous　spirits；　in　which　the　sight　of　suddenly…

acquired　fortunes　expended　on　sensual　enjoyments　constantly　undermines

all　stability　of　Character；　in　which　politics；　like　speculation；　is　a

lottery　offering　its　prizes　to　audacity；　besides　all　this；　a　free　port

and　a　rendezvous　for　lawless　nomads；　　disreputable　people；　without

steady　trade；＇2＇　scoundrels；　and　blackguards；　who；　like　uprooted；

decaying　seaweed；　drift　from　coast　to　coast　around　the　entire　circle

of　the　Mediterranean　sea；　a　veritable　sink　filled　with　the　dregs　of

twenty　corrupt　and　semi…barbarous　civilizations；　where　the　scum　of

crime　cast　forth　from　the　prisons　of　Genoa；　Piedmont；　Sicily；　indeed；

of　all　Italy；　of　Spain；　of　the　Archipelago；　and　of　Barbary；3

accumulates　and　ferments。2　No　wonder　that；　in　such　a　time　the　reign　of

the　mob　should　be　est