the origins of contemporary france-3-第21部分

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more　complete。　The　votes　are　deposited；　the　ballot…boxes　closed　and

sealed　up　and　the　conservatives　obtain　a　majority。　Thereupon　the

Jacobin　club；　with　the　Society　of　　the　〃iron…clubs；〃　calling　itself

the　Executive　power；　betake　themselves　in　force　to　the　sectional

meetings；　burn　one　of　the　ballots；　use　firearms　and　kill　two　men。　To

restore　order　the　municipality　stations　each　company　of　the　National

Guard　at　its　captain's　door；　The　moderates　among　them　naturally　obey

orders；　but　the　violent　party　do　not。　They　overrun　the　town；　numbering

about　2；000　inhabitants；　enter　the　houses；　kill　three　men　in　the

street　or　in　their　domiciles；　and　force　the　administrative　body　to

suspend　its　electoral　assemblies。　　In　addition　to　this　they　require

the　disarmament　〃of　the　aristocrats；〃　and　this　not　being　done　soon

enough；　they　kill　an　artisan　who　is　walking　in　the　street　with　his

mother；　cut　off　his　head；　bear　it　aloft　in　triumph；　and　suspend　it　in

front　of　his　dwelling。　The　authorities　are　now　convinced　and

accordingly　decree　a　disarmament；　and　the　victors　parade　the　streets

in　a　body。　　In　exuberance　or　as　a　precaution；　they　fire；　as　they　pass

along；　at　the　windows　of　suspected　houses　and　happen　to　kill　an

additional　man　and　woman。　　During　the　three　following　days　six　hundred

families　emigrate；　while　the　authorities　report　that　everything　is

going　on　well；　and　that　order　is　restored。　〃The　elections；〃　they　say；

〃are　now　proceeding　in　the　quietest　manner　since　the　ill…intentioned

voluntarily　keeping　away　from　them；　a　large　number　having　left　the

town。　〃＇34＇　　A　void　is　created　around　the　ballot…box　and　this　is

called　the　unanimity　of　voters。　　The　effect　of　such　assassinations

is　great　and　only　a　few　are　required；　especially　when　they　go

unpunished；　which　is　always　the　case。　　Henceforth　all　that　the

Jacobins　have　to　do　is　to　threaten；　people　no　longer　resist　them　for

they　know　that　it　costs　too　much　to　face　them　down。　They　do　not　care

to　attend　electoral　meetings　where　they　meet　insult　and　danger；　they

acknowledge　defeat　at　the　start。　　Have　not　the　Jacobins　irresistible

arguments；　without　taking　blows　into　account？　At　Paris；＇35＇　Marat　in

three　successive　numbers　of　his　paper　has　just　denounced　by　name　〃the

rascals　and　thieves〃　who　canvass　for　electoral　nominations；　not　the

nobles　and　priests　but　ordinary　citizens；　lawyers；　architects；

physicians；　jewellers；　stationers；　printers；　upholsterers　and　other

artisans；　each　name　being　given　in　full　with　the　professions；

addresses　and　one　of　the　following　qualifications；　〃hypocrite

（tartufe）；　immoral；　dishonest；　bankrupt；　informer；　usurer；　cheat；〃　not

to　mention　others　that　I　cannot　write　down。　It　must　be　noted　that　this

slanderous　list　may　become　a　proscriptive　list；　and　that　in　every　town

and　village　in　France　similar　lists　are　constantly　drawn　up　and

circulated　by　the　local　dub；　which　enables　us　to　judge　whether　the

struggle　between　it　and　its　adversaries　is　a　fair　one。…As　to　rural

electors；　it　has　suitable　means　for　persuading　them；　especially　in　the

innumerable　cantons　ravaged　or　threatened　by　the　jacqueries；　（country…

riots）　　or；　for　example；　in　Corrèze；　where　〃the　whole　department　is

smattered　with　insurrections　and　devastation's；　and　where　nobody　talks

of　anything　but　of　hanging　the　officers　who　serve　papers。〃＇36＇

Through…out　the　electoral　operations　the　sittings　of　the　dub　are

permanent；　〃its　electors　are　incessantly　summoned　to　its　meetings；　〃

at　each　of　these　〃the　main　question　is　the　destruction　of　fish…ponds

and　rentals；　their　principal　speakers　summing　it　all　up　by　saying　that

none　ought　to　be　paid。〃　　The　majority　of　electors；　composed　of

rustics；　are　found　to　be　sensitive　to　speeches　like　this；　all　its

candidates　are　obliged　to　express　themselves　against　fishponds　and

rentals；　its　deputies　and　the　public　prosecuting　attorney　are

nominated　on　this　profession　of　faith；　in　other　words；　to　be　elected；

the　Jacobins　promise　to　greedy　tenants　the　incomes　and　property　of

their　owners。　　We　already　see　in　the　proceedings　by　which　they

secure　one…third　of　the　offices　in　1791　the　germ　of　the　methods　by

which　they　will　secure　the　whole　of　them　in　1792；　in　this　first

electoral　campaign　their　acts　indicate　not　merely　their　maxims　and

policy　but；　again；　the　condition；　education；　spirit　and　character　of

the　men　whom　they　place　in　power　locally　as　well　as　at　the　capital。





NOTES：



＇1＇　Law　of　May　28；　29；　1791　（according　to　official　statements；　the

total　of　active　citizens　amounted　to　4；288；360）。　　Laws　of　July　23；

Sept。　12；　Sept。　29；　1791。　　Buchez　et　Roux；　XII。　310。



＇2＇　Bucher　Ct　Roux；　XII。　33。　　Mortimer…Ternaux；　〃Histoire　de　la

Terreur；〃　II。　205；　348。　　Sauzay；　II。　ch。　XVIII　　　AIbert　Babeau；　I。

ch。　XX。



＇3＇　Lenin　repeated　this　performance　in　1917　and　　Stalin　attempted　to

do　the　same　in　the　rest　of　the　World。　（SR）。。



＇4＇　The　following　letter；　by　Camille　Desmoulins　（April　3；　1792）；　shows

at　once　the　time　consumed　by　public　affairs；　the　sort　of　attraction

they　had；　and　the　kind　of　men　which　they　diverted　from　their　business。

〃I　have　gone　back　to　my　old　profession　of　the　law；　to　which　I　give

nearly　all　the　time　which　my　municipal　or　electoral　functions；　and　the

Jacobins　（club）；　allow　me　　that　is　to　say；　very　little。　It　is　very

disagreeable　to　me　to　come　down　to　pleading　bourgeois　cases　after

having　managed　interests　of　such　importance；　and　the　affairs　of　the

government；　in　the　face　of　all　Europe。〃



＇5＇　　I　cannot　help　but　think　of　the　willful　proliferation　of　idle

functionaries；　pensioners　and　other　receivers　of　public　funds　which

today　vote　for　the　party　which　represents　their　interests。　（SR。）



＇6＇　Sauzay；　II。　83…89　and　123。　A　resolution　of　the　inhabitants　of

Chalèze；　who；　headed　by　their　municipal　officers；　declare　themselves

unanimously　〃non…conformists；〃　and　demand　〃the　right　of　using　a　temple

for　the　exercise　of　their　religious　opinions；　belonging　to　them　and

built　with　their　contributions〃　On　the　strength　of　this；　the　municipal

officers　of　Chalèze　are　soundly　rated　by　the　district　administration；

which　thus　states　what　principles　are：　〃Liberty；　indefinite　for　the

private　individual；　must　be　restricted　for　the　public　man　whose

opinions　must　conform　to　the　law：　otherwise；　。　　。　he　must　renounce　all

public　functions。〃



＇7＇　Archives　Nationales；〃　F7；　3；253　（letter　of　the　department

directory；　April　7；　1792）。　〃On　the　25th　of　January；　in　our　report　to

the　National　Assembly；　we　stated　the　almost　general　opposition　which

the　execution　of　the　laws　relating　to　the　clergy　has　found　in　this

department　。　。　。　nine…tenths；　at　least；　of　the　Catholics　refusing　to

recognize　the　sworn　priests。　The　teachers；　influenced　by　their　old

curés　or　vicars；　are　willing　to　take　the　civic　oath；　but　they　refuse

to　recognize　their　legitimate　pastors　and　attend　their　services。　We

are；　therefore；　obliged　to　remove　them；　and　to　look　out　for　others　to

replace　them。　The　citizens　of　a　large　number　of　the　communes；

persisting　in　trusting　these；　will　lend　no　assistance　whatever　to　the

election　of　the　new　ones；　the　result　is；　that　we　are　obliged；　in

selecting　these　people；　to　refer　the　matter　to　persons　whom　we

scarcely　know；　and　who　are　scarcely　better　known　to　the　directories　of

the　district。　As　they　are　elected　against　the　will　of　the　citizens；

they　do　not　gain　their　confidence；　and　draw　their　salaries　from　the

commune　treasury；　without　any　advantage　to　public　instruction；〃



＇8＇　Mercure　de　France；　Sep。　3；　1791。　〃The　right　of　attending　primary

meetings　is　that　of　every　citizen　who　pays　a　tax　of　three　livres；

owing　to　the　violence　to　which　opinions　are　subject；　more　than　one…

half　of　the　French　are　compelled　to　stay　away　from　these　reunions；

which　are　abandoned　to　persons　who　have　the　least　interest　in

maintaining　public　order　and　in　securing　stable　laws；　with　the　least

property；　and　who　pay　the　fewest　taxes。〃



＇9＇　　〃The　French　Revolution；〃　Vol。　I。　p。　182　and　following　pages。



＇10＇　〃Correspondence　of　M。　de　Sta？l〃　（manuscript）；　Swedish　ambassador；

with　his　court；　Sept　4；　1791。　〃The　change　in　the　way　of　thinking　of

the　democrats　is　extraordinary；　they　now　seem　convinced　that　it　is

impossible　to　make　the　Constitution　work。　Barnave；　to　my　own

knowledge；　has　declared　that　the　influence　of　assemblies　in　the　future

should　be　limited　to　a　council　of　notables；　and　that　all　power　should

be　in　the　government〃



＇11＇　Ibid。　Letter　of　July　17；　1791。　〃All　the　members　of　the　Assembly；

with　the　exception　of　three　or　four；　have　passed　a　resolution　to

separate　from　the　Jacobins；　they　number　about　3oo。〃　　　The　seven

deputies　who　remain　at　the　Jacobin　Club；　are　Robespierre；　Pétion；

Grégoire；　Buzot；　Coroller；　and　Abbé　Royer。



＇12＇　〃Les　Feuillants〃　Was　a　political　club　consisting　of

constitutional　monarchists　who　held　their　meetings　in　the　former

Feuillants　monastery　in　Paris　from　1791　to　1792。　（SR）。



＇13＇　Decree　of　Sept　29；　30；　17