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Nyamwezi languages。〃  The examples given (Sultan Majnun) are only

verses supposed to be chanted by the characters in the tale。  It is

improbable that the Yaos and Nyamwezis borrowed the custom of

inserting verse into prose tales from Arab literature; where the

intercalated verse is usually of a moral and reflective character。



Mr。 Jamieson; in Illustrations of Northern Antiquities (p。 379);

preserved a cante…fable called Rosmer Halfman; or The Merman Rosmer。

Mr。 Motherwell remarks (Minstrelsy; Glasgow; 1827; p。 xv。):  〃Thus I

have heard the ancient ballad of Young Beichan and Susy Pye dilated

by a story…teller into a tale of remarkable dimensionsa paragraph

of prose and then a screed of rhyme alternately given。〃  The example

published by Mr。 Motherwell gives us the very form of Aucassin and

Nicolete; surviving in Scotch folk lore:…



〃Well ye must know that in the Moor's Castle; there was a mafsymore;

which is a dark deep dungeon for keeping prisoners。  It was twenty

feet below the ground; and into this hole they closed poor Beichan。

There he stood; night and day; up to his waist in puddle…water; but

night or day it was all one to him; for no ae styme of light ever

got in。  So he lay there a lang and weary while; and thinking on his

heavy weird; he made a murnfu' sang to pass the timeand this was

the sang that he made; and grat when he sang it; for he never

thought of escaping from the mafsymore; or of seeing his ain

countrie again:





〃My hounds they all run masterless;

My hawks they flee from tree to tree;

My youngest brother will heir my lands;

And fair England again I'll never see。



〃O were I free as I hae been;

And my ship swimming once more on sea;

I'd turn my face to fair England;

And sail no more to a strange countrie。〃





Now the cruel Moor had a beautiful daughter called Susy Pye; who was

accustomed to take a walk every morning in her garden; and as she

was walking ae day she heard the sough o' Beichan's sang; coming as

it were from below the ground。〃



All this is clearly analogous in form no less than in matter to our

cante…fable。  Mr。 Motherwell speaks of fabliaux; intended partly for

recitation; and partly for being sung; but does not refer by name to

Aucassin and Nicolete。  If we may judge by analogy; then; the form

of the cante…fable is probably an early artistic adaptation of a

popular narrative method。



STOUR; an ungainly word enough; familiar in Scotch with the sense of

wind…driven dust; it may be dust of battle。  The French is Estor。



BIAUCAIRE; opposite Tarascon; also celebrated for its local hero;

the deathless Tartarin。  There is a great deal of learning about

Biaucaire; probably the author of the cante…fable never saw the

place; but he need not have thought it was on the sea…shore; as (p。

39) he seems to do。  There he makes the people of Beaucaire set out

to wreck a ship。  Ships do not go up the Rhone; and get wrecked

there; after escaping the perils of the deep。



On p。 42; the poet clearly thinks that Nicolete; after landing from

her barque; had to travel a considerable distance before reaching

Biaucaire。  The fact is that the poet is perfectly reckless of

geography; like him who wrote of the set…shore of Bohemia。



PAINTED WONDROUSLY。  No one knows what is really meant by e miramie。



PLENTIFUL LACK OF COMFORT:  rather freely for Mout i aries peu

conquis。



MALENGIN:  a favourite word of Sir Thomas Malory:  〃mischievous

intent。〃



FEATS OF YOUTH:  ENFANCES; the regular term for the romance of a

knight's early prowess。



TWO APPLES; nois gauges in the original。  But walnuts sound

inadequate。



Here the MS。 has a lacuna。



There is much useless learning about the realm of Torelore。  It is

somewhere between Kor and Laputa。  The custom of the Couvade was

dimly known to the poet。  The feigned lying…in of the father may

have been either a recognition of paternity (as in the sham birth

whereby Hera adopted Heracles) or may have been caused by the belief

that the health of the father at the time of the child's birth

affected that of the child。  Either origin of the Couvade is

consistent with early beliefs and customs。



EYEBRIGHT。  This is a purely fanciful rendering of Esclaire。







Footnotes:



{1}  Gaston Paris; in M。 Bida's edition; p。 xii。  Paris; 1878。  The

blending is not unknown in various countries。  See note at end of

Translation。



{2}  I know not if I unconsciously transferred this criticism from

M。 Gaston Paris。



{3}  〃Love in Idleness。〃  London; 1883; p。 169。



{4}  Theocritus; x。 37。



{5}  I have not thought it necessary to discuss the conjectures;

they are no more;about the Greek or Arabic origin of the cante…

fable; about the derivation of Aucassin's name; the supposed copying

of Floire et Blancheflor; the longitude and latitude of the land of

Torelore; and so forth。  In truth 〃we are in Love's land to…day;〃

where the ships sail without wind or compass; like the barques of

the Phaeacians。  Brunner and Suchier add nothing positive to our

knowledge; and M。 Gaston Paris pretends to cast but little light on

questions which it is too curious to consider at all。  In revising

the translation I have used with profit the versions of M。 Bida; of

Mr。 Bourdillon; the glossary of Suchier; and Mr。 Bourdillon's

glossary。  As for the style I have attempted; if not Old English; at

least English which is elderly; with a memory of Malory。











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