the quaker colonies-第30部分
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om attained elsewhere。 Agriculturally there is no division of land of similar size quite equal to Delaware in fertility。 Its sand and gravel base with vegetable mold above is somewhat like the southern Jersey formation； but it is more productive from having a larger deposit of decayed vegetation。
The people of Delaware have； indeed； very little land that is not tillable。 The problems of poverty； crowding； great cities； and excessive wealth in few hands are practically unknown among them。 The foreign commerce of Wilmington began in 1740 with the building of a brig named after the town； and was continued successfully for a hundred years。 At Wilmington there has always been a strong manufacturing interest； beginning with the famous colonial flour mills at the falls of the Brandywine； and the breadstuffs industry at Newport on the Christina。 With the Brandywine so admirably suited to the water…power machinery of those days and the Christina deep enough for the ships； Wilmington seemed in colonial times to possess an ideal combination of advantages for manufacturing and commerce。 The flour mills were followed in 1802 by the Du Pont Powder Works； which are known all over the world； and which furnished powder for all American wars since the Revolution； for the Crimean War in Europe； and for the Allies in the Great War。
〃From the hills of Brandywine to the sands of Sussex〃 is an expression the people of Delaware use to indicate the whole length of their little State。 The beautiful cluster of hills at the northern end dropping into park…like pastures along the shores of the rippling Red Clay and White Clay creeks which form the deep Christina with its border of green reedy marshes； is in striking contrast to the wild waste of sands at Cape Henlopen。 Yet in one way the Brandywine Hills are closely connected with those sands； for from these very hills have been quarried the hard rocks for the great breakwater at the Cape； behind which the fleets of merchant vessels take refuge in storms。
The great sand dunes behind the lighthouse at the cape have their equal nowhere else on the coast。 Blown by the ocean winds； the dunes work inland； overwhelming a pine forest to the tree tops and filling swamps in their course。 The beach is strewn with every type of wreckage of man's vain attempts to conquer the sea。 The Life Saving Service men have strange tales to tell and show their collections of coins found along the sand。 The old pilots live snugly in their neat houses in Pilot Row； waiting their turns to take the great ships up through the shoals and sands which were so baffling to Henry Hudson and his mate one hot August day of the year 1609。
The Indians of the northern part of Delaware are said to have been mostly Minquas who lived along the Christiana and Brandywine； and are supposed to have had a fort on Iron Hill。 The rest of the State was inhabited by the Nanticokes； who extended their habitations far down the peninsula； where a river is named after them。 They were a division or clan of the Delawares or Leni Lenapes。 In the early days they gave some trouble； but shortly before the Revolution all left the peninsula in strange and dramatic fashion。 Digging up the bones of their dead chiefs in 1748； they bore them away to new abodes in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania。 Some appear to have traveled by land up the Delaware to the Lehigh； which they followed to its source not far from the Wyoming Valley。 Others went in canoes； starting far down the peninsula at the Nanticoke River and following along the wild shore of the Chesapeake to the Susquehanna； up which they went by its eastern branch straight into the Wyoming Valley。 It was a grand canoe tripa weird procession of tawny； black…haired fellows swinging their paddles day after day； with their freight of ancient bones； leaving the sunny fishing grounds of the Nanticoke and the Choptank to seek a refuge from the detested white man in the cold mountains of Pennsylvania。
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
A large part of the material for the early history of Pennsylvania is contained of course in the writings and papers of the founder。 The 〃Life of William Penn〃 by S。 M。 Janney （1852） is perhaps the most trustworthy of the older biographies but it is a dull book。 A biography written with a modern point of view is 〃The True William Penn〃 by Sydney G。 Fisher （1900）。 Mrs。 Colquhoun Grant； a descendant of Penn has published a book with the title 〃Quaker and Courtier： the Life and Work of William Penn〃 （1907）。 The manuscript papers of Penn now in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania； together with much new material gathered in England； are soon to be published under the able editorship of Albert Cook Myers。
There is a vast literature on the history of Quakerism。 The 〃Journal of George Fox〃 （1694）； Penn's 〃Brief Account of the Rise and Progress of the People called Quakers〃 （1695）； and Robert Barclay's 〃Apology for the True Christian Divinity〃 （1678） are of first importance for the study of the rise of the Society of Friends。 Among the older histories are J。J。 Gurney's 〃Observations on the Religious Peculiarities of the Society of Friends〃 （1824）； James Bowden's 〃History of the Society of Friends in America；〃 2 vols。 （1850…54）； and S。M。 Janney's 〃History of the Religious Society of Friends；〃 4 vols。 （1860…67）。 Two recent histories are of great value： W。 C。 Braithwaite； 〃The Beginnings of Quakerism〃 （1912） and Rufus M。 Jones； 〃The Quakers in the American Colonies〃 （1911）。 Among the older histories of Penn's province are 〃The History of Pennsylvania in North America；〃 2 vols。 （1797…98）； written by Robert Proud from the Quaker point of view and of great value because of the quotations from original documents and letters； and 〃History of Pennsylvania from its Discovery by Europeans to the Declaration of Independence in 1776〃 （1829） by T。 F。 Gordon； largely an epitome of the debates of the Pennsylvania Assembly which recorded in its minutes in fascinating old…fashioned English the whole history of the province from year to year。 Franklin's 〃Historical Review of the Constitution and Government of Pennsylvania from its Origin〃 （1759） is a storehouse of information about the history of the province in the French and Indian wars。 Much of the history of the province is to be found in the letters of Penn； Franklin； Logan； and Lloyd； and in such collections as Samuel Hazard's 〃Register of Pennsylvania；〃 16 vols。 （1828…36）； 〃Colonial Records；〃 16 vols。 （1851…53）； and 〃Pennsylvania Archives〃 （1874…）。 A vast amount of material is scattered in pamphlets； in files of colonial newspapers like the 〃Pennsylvania Gazette；〃 in the publications of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania； and in the 〃Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography〃 （1877…）。 Recent histories of the province have been written by Isaac Sharpless； 〃History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania；〃 2 vols。 （1898…99）； and by Sydney G。 Fisher； 〃The Making of Pennsylvania〃 （1896） and 〃Pennsylvania； Colony and Commonwealth〃 （1897）。 A scholarly 〃History of Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania〃 has been published by William R。 Shepherd in the Columbia University Studies〃 （1896） and the 〃Relations of Pennsylvania with the British Government； 1696…1765〃 （1912） have been traced with painstaking care by Winfred T。 Root。
Concerning the racial and religious elements in Pennsylvania the following books contribute much valuable information： A。 B。 Faust； 〃The German Element in the United States；〃 2 vols。 （1909）； A。 C。 Myers； 〃Immigration of the Irish Quakers into Pennsylvania； 1682…1750〃 （1909）； S。 W。 Pennypacker； 〃Settlement of Germantown； Pennsylvania； and the Beginning of German Immigration to North America〃 （1899）； J。 F。 Sachse； 〃The German Pietists of Provincial Pennsylvania； 1694…1708〃 （1895）； and 〃The German Sectarians of Pennsylvania； 1708…1800；〃 2 vols。 （1899…1900）； L。 O。 Kuhns； 〃The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania〃（1901）； H。 J。 Ford； 〃The Scotch…Irish in America〃 （1915）； T。 A。 Glenn； 〃Merion in the Welsh Tract〃 （1896）。
The older histories of New Jersey； like those of Pennsylvania； contain valuable original material not found elsewhere。 Among these Samuel Smith's 〃The History of the Colony of Nova Casaria； or New Jersey〃 （1765） should have first place。 E。 B。 O'Callaghan's 〃History of New Netherland；〃 2 vols。 （1846）； and J。 R。 Brodhead's 〃History of the State of New York；〃 2 vols。 （1853； 1871） contain also information about the Jerseys under Dutch rule。 Other important works are： W。 A。 Whitehead's 〃East Jersey under the Proprietary Governments〃 （New Jersey Historical Society 〃Collections；〃 vol。1； 1875）； and 〃The English in East and West Jersey〃 in Winsor's 〃Narrative and Critical History of America；〃 vol。 III； L。 Q。 C。 Elmer's 〃The Constitution and Government of the Province and State of New Jersey〃 （New Jersey Historical Society Collections； vols。 III and VII； 1849 and 1872。 Special studies have been made by Austin Scott； 〃Influence of the Proprietors in the Founding of New Jersey〃 （1885）； and by H。 S。 Cooley； 〃Study of Slavery in New Jersey〃 （1896）； both in the Johns Hopkins University 〃Studies；〃 also by E。 P。 Tanner； 〃The Province of New Jersey〃 （1908） and by E。 J。 Fisher； 〃New Jersey as a Royal Pr
