the quaker colonies-第17部分
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merous enough to make it a thoroughly Puritan community； they largely tinged its thought and its laws； and their influence still survives。
The difficulty with Jersey was that its seacoast was a monotonous line of breakers with dangerous shoal inlets； few harbors； and vast mosquito infested salt marshes and sandy thickets。 In the interior it was for the most part a level； heavily forested； sandy； swampy country in its southern portions； and rough and mountainous in the northern portions。 Even the entrance by Delaware Bay was so difficult by reason of its shoals that it was the last part of the coast to be explored。 The Delaware region and Jersey were in fact a sort of middle ground far less easy of access by the sea than the regions to the north in New England and to the south in Virginia。
There were only two places easy of settlement in the Jerseys。 One was the open region of meadows and marshes by Newark Bay near the mouth of the Hudson and along the Hackensack River； whence the people slowly extended themselves to the seashore at Sandy Hook and thence southward along the ocean beach。 This was East Jersey。 The other easily occupied region； which became West Jersey； stretched along the shore of the lower Delaware from the modern Trenton to Salem； whence the settlers gradually worked their way into the interior。 Between these two divisions lay a rough wilderness which in its southern portion was full of swamps； thickets； and pine barrens。 So rugged was the country that the native Indians lived for the most part only in the two open regions already described。
The natural geographical； geological； and even social division of New Jersey is made by drawing a line from Trenton to the mouth of the Hudson River。 North of that line the successive terraces of the piedmont and mountainous region form part of the original North American continent。 South of that line the more or less sandy level region was once a shoal beneath the ocean； afterwards a series of islands； then one island with a wide sound behind it passing along the division line to the mouth of the Hudson。 Southern Jersey was in short an island with a sound behind it very much like the present Long Island。 The shoal and island had been formed in the far distant geologic past by the erosion and washings from the lofty Pennsylvania mountains now worn down to mere stumps。
The Delaware River flowed into this sound at Trenton。 Gradually the Hudson end of the sound filled up as far as Trenton； but the tide from the ocean still runs up the remains of the Old Sound as far as Trenton。 The Delaware should still be properly considered as ending at Trenton； for the rest of its course to the ocean is still part of Old Pensauken Sound； as it is called by geologists。
The Jerseys originated as a colony in 1664。 In 1675 West Jersey passed into the control of the Quakers。 In 1680 East Jersey came partially under Quaker influence。 In August； 1664； Charles II seized New York； New Jersey； and all the Dutch possessions in America； having previously in March granted them to his brother the Duke of York。 The Duke almost immediately gave to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret； members of the Privy Council and defenders of the Stuart family in the Cromwellian wars； the land between the Delaware River and the ocean； and bounded on the north by a line drawn from latitude 41 degrees on the Hudson to latitude 41 degrees 40 minutes on the Delaware。 This region was to be called； the grant said； Nova Caesarea； or New Jersey。 The name was a compliment to Carteret； who in the Cromwellian wars had defended the little isle of Jersey against the forces of the Long Parliament。 As the American Jersey was then almost an island and geologically had been one； the name was not inappropriate。
Berkeley and Carteret divided the province between them。 In 1676 an exact division was attempted； creating the rather unnatural sections known as East Jersey and West Jersey。 The first idea seems to have been to divide by a line running from Barnegat on the seashore to the mouth of Pensauken Creek on the Delaware just above Camden。 This； however； would have made a North Jersey and a South Jersey； with the latter much smaller than the former。 Several lines seem to have been surveyed at different times in the attempt to make an exactly equal division； which was no easy engineering task。 As private land titles and boundaries were in some places dependent on the location of the division line； there resulted much controversy and litigation which lasted down into our own time。 Without going into details； it is sufficient to say that the acceptable division line began on the seashore at Little Egg Harbor at the lower end of Barnegat Bay and crossed diagonally or northwesterly to the northern part of the Delaware River just above the Water Gap。 It is known as the Old Province line； and it can be traced on any map of the State by prolonging； in both directions； the northeastern boundary of Burlington County。
West Jersey； which became decidedly Quaker； did not remain long in the possession of Lord Berkeley。 He was growing old； and； disappointed in his hopes of seeing it settled； he sold it； in 1673； for one thousand pounds to John Fenwick and Edward Byllinge； both of them old Cromwellian soldiers turned Quakers。 That this purchase was made for the purpose of affording a refuge in America for Quakers then much imprisoned and persecuted in England does not very distinctly appear。 At least there was no parade of it。 But such a purpose in addition to profit for the proprietors may well have been in the minds of the purchasers。
George Fox； the Quaker leader； had just returned from a missionary journey in America； in the course of which he had traveled through New Jersey in going from New York to Maryland。 Some years previously in England； about 1659； he had made inquiries as to a suitable place for Quaker settlement and was told of the region north of Maryland which became Pennsylvania。 But how could a persecuted sect obtain such a region from the British Crown and the Government that was persecuting them？ It would require powerful influence at Court； nothing could then be done about it； and Pennsylvania had to wait until William Penn became a man with influence enough in 1681 to win it from the Crown。 But here was West Jersey； no longer owned directly by the Crown and bought in cheap by two Quakers。 It was an unexpected opportunity。 Quakers soon went to it； and it was the first Quaker colonial experiment。
Byllinge and Fenwick； though turned Quakers； seem to have retained some of the contentious Cromwellian spirit of their youth。 They soon quarreled over their respective interests in the ownership of West Jersey； and to prevent a lawsuit； so objectionable to Quakers； the decision was left to William Penn； then a rising young Quaker about thirty years old； dreaming of ideal colonies in America。 Penn awarded Fenwick a one…tenth interest and four hundred pounds。 Byllinge soon became insolvent and turned over his nine…tenths interest to his creditors； appointing Penn and two other Quakers； Gawen Lawrie； a merchant of London； and Nicholas Lucas； a maltster of Hertford； to hold it in trust for them。 Gawen Lawrie afterwards became deputy governor of East Jersey。 Lucas was one of those thoroughgoing Quakers just released from eight years in prison for his religion。*
* Myers； 〃Narratives of Early Pennsylvania； West Jersey； and Delaware〃； p。 180。
Fenwick also in the end fell into debt and； after selling over one hundred thousand acres to about fifty purchasers； leased what remained of his interest for a thousand years to John Edridge； a tanner； and Edmund Warner； a poulterer； as security for money borrowed from them。 They conveyed this lease and their claims to Penn； Lawrie； and Lucas； who thus became the owners； as trustees； of pretty much all West Jersey。
This was William Penn's first practical experience in American affairs。 He and his fellow trustees； with the consent of Fenwick； divided the West Jersey ownership into one hundred shares。 The ninety belonging to Byllinge were offered for sale to settlers or to creditors of Byllinge who would take them in exchange for debts。 The settlement of West Jersey thus became the distribution of an insolvent Quaker's estate among his creditor fellow religionists。
Although no longer in possession of a title to land； Fenwick； in 1675； went out with some Quaker settlers to Delaware Bay。 There they founded the modern town of Salem； which means peace； giving it that name because of the fair and peaceful aspect of the wilderness on the day they arrived。 They bought the land from the Indians in the usual manner； as the Swedes and Dutch had so often done。 But they had no charter or provision for organized government。 When Fenwick attempted to exercise political authority at Salem； he was seized and imprisoned by Andros； Governor of New York for the Duke of York； on the ground that； although the Duke had given Jersey to certain individual proprietors； the political control of it remained in the Duke's deputy governor。 Andros； who had levied a tax of five per cent on all goods passing up the Delaware； now established commissioners at Salem to collect the duties。
This action brought up the wh
