the quaker colonies-第13部分

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；　it　preserved　at　the　same　time　constitutional　rights　in　defense　of　which　twenty…five　years　afterwards　the　whole　continent　fought　the　Revolution。　The　Quaker　Assembly　even　passed　two　militia　bills；　one　of　which　became　law；　and　sent　rather　more　than　the　province's　full　share　of　troops　to　protect　the　frontiers　of　New　York　and　New　England　and　to　carry　the　invasion　into　Canada。

General　Braddock　warmly　praised　the　assistance　which　Pennsylvania　gave　him　because；　he　said；　she　had　done　more　for　him　than　any　of　the　other　colonies。　Virginia　and　Maryland　promised　everything　and　performed　nothing；　while　Pennsylvania　promised　nothing　and　performed　everything。　Commodore　Spy　thanked　the　Assembly　for　the　large　number　of　sailors　sent　his　fleet　at　the　expense　of　the　province。　General　Shirley；　in　charge　of　the　New　England　and　New　York　campaigns；　thanked　the　Assembly　for　the　numerous　recruits；　and　it　was　the　common　opinion　at　the　time　that　Pennsylvania　had　sent　more　troops　to　the　war　than　any　other　colony。　In　the　first　four　years　of　the　war　the　province　spent　for　military　purposes　210；567　pounds　sterling；　which　was　a　very　considerable　sum　at　that　time　for　a　community　of　less　than　200；000　people。　Quakers；　though　they　hate　war；　will　accept　it　when　there　is　no　escape。　The　old　story　of　the　Quaker　who　tossed　a　pirate　overboard；　saying；　〃Friend；　thee　has　no　business　here；〃　gives　their　point　of　view　better　than　pages　of　explanation。　Quaker　opinion　has　not　always　been　entirely　uniform。　In　Revolutionary　times　in　Philadelphia　there　was　a　division　of　the　Quakers　known　as　the　Fighting　Quakers；　and　their　meeting　house　is　still　pointed　out　at　the　corner　of　Fourth　Street　and　Arch。　They　even　produced　able　military　leaders：　Colonel　John　Dickinson；　General　Greene；　and　General　Mifflin　in　the　Continental　Army；　and；　in　the　War　of　1812；　General　Jacob　Brown；　who　reorganized　the　army　and　restored　its　failing　fortunes　after　many　officers　had　been　tried　and　found　wanting。

There　was　always　among　the　Quakers　a　rationalistic　party　and　a　party　of　mysticism。　The　rationalistic　party　prevailed　in　Pennsylvania　all　through　the　colonial　period。　In　the　midst　of　the　worst　horrors　of　the　French　and　Indian　wars；　however；　the　conscientious　objectors　roused　themselves　and　began　preaching　and　exhorting　what　has　been　called　the　mystical　side　of　the　faith。　Many　extreme　Quaker　members　of　the　Assembly　resigned　their　seats　in　consequence。　After　the　Revolution　the　spiritual　party　began　gaining　ground；　partly　perhaps　because　then　the　responsibilities　of　government　and　care　of　the　great　political　and　religious　experiment　in　Pennsylvania　were　removed。　The　spiritual　party　increased　so　rapidly　in　power　that　in　1827　a　split　occurred　which　involved　not　a　little　bitterness；　ill　feeling；　and　litigation　over　property。　This　division　into　two　opposing　camps；　known　as　the　Hicksites　and　the　Orthodox；　continues　and　is　likely　to　remain。

Quaker　government　in　Pennsylvania　was　put　to　still　severer　tests　by　the　difficulties　and　disasters　that　followed　Braddock's　defeat。　That　unfortunate　general　had　something　over　two　thousand　men　and　was　hampered　with　a　train　of　artillery　and　a　splendid　equipment　of　arms；　tools；　and　supplies；　as　if　he　were　to　march　over　the　smooth　highways　of　Europe。　When　he　came　to　drag　all　these　munitions　through　the　depths　of　the　Pennsylvania　forests　and　up　and　down　the　mountains；　he　found　that　he　made　only　about　three　miles　a　day　and　that　his　horses　had　nothing　to　eat　but　the　leaves　of　the　trees。　Washington；　who　was　of　the　party；　finally　persuaded　him　to　abandon　his　artillery　and　press　forward　with　about　fifteen　hundred　picked　men。　These　troops；　when　a　few　miles　from　Fort　Duquesne　（now　Pittsburgh）；　met　about　six　hundred　Indians　and　three　hundred　French　coming　from　the　fort。　The　English　maintained　a　close　formation　where　they　were；　but　the　French　and　Indians　immediately　spread　out　on　their　flanks；　lying　behind　trees　and　logs　which　provided　rests　for　their　rifles　and　security　for　their　bodies。　This　strategy　decided　the　day。　The　English　were　shot　down　like　cattle　in　a　pen；　and　out　of　about　fifteen　hundred　only　four　hundred　and　fifty　escaped。　The　French　and　Indian　loss　was　not　much　over　fifty。

This　defeat　of　Braddock's　force　has　become　one　of　the　most　famous　reverses　in　history；　and　it　was　made　worse　by　the　conduct　of　Dunbar　who　had　been　left　in　command　of　the　artillery；　baggage；　and　men　in　the　rear。　He　could　have　remained　where　he　was　as　some　sort　of　protection　to　the　frontier。　But　he　took　fright；　burned　his　wagons；　emptied　his　barrels　of　powder　into　the　streams；　destroyed　his　provisions；　and　fled　back　to　Fort　Cumberland　in　Maryland。　Here　the　governors　of　Pennsylvania　and　Virginia　as　well　as　the　Pennsylvania　Assembly　urged　him　to　stay。　But；　determined　to　make　the　British　rout　complete；　he　soon　retreated　to　the　peace　and　quiet　of　Philadelphia；　and　nothing　would　induce　him　to　enter　again　the　terrible　forests　of　Pennsylvania。

The　natural　result　of　the　blunder　soon　followed。　The　French；　finding　the　whole　frontier　of　Pennsylvania；　Maryland；　and　Virginia　abandoned；　organized　the　Indians　under　French　officers　and　swept　the　whole　region　with　a　devastation　of　massacre；　scalping；　and　burning　that　has　never　been　equaled。　Hurons；　Potawatomies；　Ojibways；　Ottawas；　Mingoes；　renegades　from　the　Six　Nations；　together　with　the　old　treaty　friends　of　Penn；　the　Delawares　and　Shawanoes；　began　swarming　eastward　and　soon　had　killed　more　people　than　had　been　lost　at　Braddock's　defeat。　The　onslaught　reached　its　height　in　September　and　October。　By　that　time　all　the　outlying　frontier　settlers　and　their　families　had　been　killed　or　sent　flying　eastward　to　seek　refuge　in　the　settlements。　The　Indians　even　followed　them　to　the　settlements；　reached　the　Susquehanna；　and　crossed　it。　They　massacred　the　people　of　the　village　of　Gnadenhutten；　near　Bethlehem　on　the　Lehigh；　and　established　near　by　a　headquarters　for　prisoners　and　plunder。　Families　were　scalped　within　fifty　miles　of　Philadelphia；　and　in　one　instance　the　bodies　of　a　murdered　family　were　brought　into　the　town　and　exhibited　in　the　streets　to　show　the　inhabitants　how　near　the　danger　was　approaching。　Nothing　could　be　done　to　stem　the　savage　tide。　Virginia　was　suffering　in　the　same　way：　the　settlers　on　her　border　were　slaughtered　or　were　driven　back　in　herds　upon　the　more　settled　districts；　and　Washington；　with　a　nominal　strength　of　fifteen　hundred　who　would　not　obey　orders；　was　forced　to　stand　a　helpless　spectator　of　the　general　flight　and　misery。　There　was　no　adequate　force　or　army　anywhere　within　reach。　The　British　had　been　put　to　flight　and　had　gone　to　the　defense　of　New　England　and　New　York。　Neither　Pennsylvania　nor　Virginia　had　a　militia　that　could　withstand　the　French　and　their　red　allies。　They　could　only　wait　till　the　panic　had　subsided　and　then　see　what　could　be　done。

One　thing　was　accomplished；　however；　when　the　Pennsylvania　Assembly　passed　a　Quaker　militia　law　which　is　one　of　the　most　curious　legal　documents　of　its　kind　in　history。　It　was　most　aptly　worded；　drafted　by　the　master　hand　of　Franklin。　It　recited　the　fact　that　the　province　had　always　been　ruled　by　Quakers　who　were　opposed　to　war；　but　that　now　it　had　become　necessary　to　allow　men　to　become　soldiers　and　to　give　them　every　facility　for　the　profession　of　arms；　because　the　Assembly　though　containing　a　Quaker　majority　nevertheless　represented　all　the　people　of　the　province。　To　prevent　those　who　believed　in　war　from　taking　part　in　it　would　be　as　much　a　violation　of　liberty　of　conscience　as　to　force　enlistments　among　those　who　had　conscientious　scruples　against　it。　Nor　would　the　Quaker　majority　have　any　right　to　compel　others　to　bear　arms　and　at　the　same　time　exempt　themselves。　Therefore　a　voluntary　militia　system　was　established　under　which　a　fighting　Quaker；　a　Presbyterian；　an　Episcopalian；　or　anybody；　could　enlist　and　have　all　the　military　glory　he　could　win。

It　was　altogether　a　volunteer　system。　Two　years　afterwards；　as　the　necessities　of　war　increased；　the　Quaker　Assembly　passed　a　rather　stringent　compulsory　militia　bill；　but　the　governor　vetoed　it；　and　the　first　law　with　its　volunteer　system　remained　in　force。　Franklin　busied　himself　to　encourage　enlistments　under　it　and　was　very　successful。　Though　a　philosopher　and　a　man　of　science；　almost　as　much　opposed　to　war　as　the　Quakers　and　not　even　owning　a　shotgun；　he　was　elected　commander　and　led　a　force　of　about　five　hundred　men　to　protect　the　Lehigh　Valley。　His　common　sense　seems　to　have　supplied　his　lack　of　military　training。　He　did　no　worse　than　some　professional　soldiers　who　might　be　named。　The　valley　was　supposed　to　be　in　great　danger　since　its　village　of　Gnadenhutten　had　been　burned　and　its　people　massacred。　The　Moravians；　like　the　Quakers；　had　suddenly　found　that　they　were　not　as　much　opposed　to　war　as　they　had　supposed。　They　had　obtained　arms　and　ammunition　from　New　York　and　had　built　stockades；　and　Franklin　was　glad　to　find　them　so　well　prepared　when　he　arrived。　He　built　small　forts　in　different　parts　of　the　valley；　acted　entirely　on　the　defensive；　and　no　doubt　checked　the　raids　of　the　Indians　at　that　point。　They　seem　to　have　been　watching　him　from　the　hilltops　all　the　time；　and　any　rashness　on　his　part　would　probably　have　brought　disaster　upon　h