forty centuries of ink-µÚ61²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
called¡¡Paper¡¡Mill¡¡run£»¡¡which¡¡empties¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Wissahicken
river£»¡¡was¡¡located¡¡the¡¡site¡¡which¡¡in¡¡company
with¡¡William¡¡Bradford£»¡¡a¡¡printer£»¡¡he¡¡chose¡¡for
his¡¡mill¡£¡¡The¡¡paper¡¡was¡¡made¡¡from¡¡linen¡¡rags£»
mostly¡¡the¡¡product¡¡of¡¡flax¡¡raised¡¡in¡¡the¡¡vicinity¡¡and
made¡¡first¡¡into¡¡wearing¡¡apparel¡£
It¡¡was¡¡Reaumer£»¡¡who¡¡in¡¡1719¡¡first¡¡suggested¡¡the
possibility¡¡of¡¡paper¡¡being¡¡made¡¡from¡¡wood¡£¡¡He
obtained¡¡his¡¡information¡¡on¡¡this¡¡subject¡¡from¡¡examination
of¡¡wasps'¡¡nests¡£
Matthias¡¡Koops¡¡in¡¡1800¡¡published¡¡a¡¡work¡¡on
¡¨Paper¡¨¡¡made¡¡from¡¡straw£»¡¡wood¡¡and¡¡other¡¡substances¡£
His¡¡second¡¡edition¡¡appeared¡¡in¡¡1801¡¡and
was¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡old¡¡paper¡¡re¡made¡¡into¡¡new¡£¡¡Another
work¡¡on¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡¡¨Paper¡¡from¡¡Straw£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¨
by¡¡Piette£»¡¡appeared¡¡in¡¡1835£»¡¡which¡¡said¡¡work¡¡contains
more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡pages£»¡¡each¡¡one¡¡of¡¡which
was¡¡made¡¡from¡¡a¡¡different¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡material¡£
Many¡¡other¡¡valuable¡¡works¡¡are¡¡obtainable¡¡which
treat¡¡of¡¡rag¡¡paper¡¡manufacture¡¡and¡¡the¡¡stories¡¡they
tell¡¡are¡¡instructive¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡interesting¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XXXI¡£
MODERN¡¡INK¡¡BACKGROUNDS¡¡£¨WOOD¡¡PAPER¡¡AND¡¡¡¨SAFETY¡¨
PAPER£©¡£
SOME¡¡GENERAL¡¡OBSERVATIONS¡¡ABOUT¡¡PAPER¡MAKING
MATERIALSPROBABILITIES¡¡AS¡¡TO¡¡THE¡¡FUTURE¡¡OF
THE¡¡PUBLIC¡¡RECORDSESTIMATION¡¡OF¡¡SUCH¡¡MATTERS
BY¡¡THE¡¡LATE¡¡POPEINVENTION¡¡OF¡¡WOOD¡PULP¡¡PAPER
ITS¡¡LASTING¡¡QUALITIESTHE¡¡THREE¡¡KINDS¡¡OF¡¡SUCH
PAPER¡¡DEFINEDDISCUSSION¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡SUBJECT¡¡OF
FUNGI¡¡IN¡¡PAPER¡¡BY¡¡GLYDESOME¡¡TESTS¡¡TO¡¡ASCERTAIN
THE¡¡MATERIAL¡¡OF¡¡WHICH¡¡PAPER¡¡IS¡¡COMPOSED
TESTS¡¡AS¡¡TO¡¡SIZING¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡DETERMINATION¡¡OF¡¡THE
DIRECTION¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡GRAINABSORBING¡¡POWERS¡¡OF
BLOTTING¡¡PAPERTESTS¡¡FOR¡¡GROUND¡¡WOODNEW
MODE¡¡OF¡¡ANALYSTSWHEN¡¡THE¡¡FIRST¡¡¡¨SAFETY¡¨
PAPER¡¡WAS¡¡INVENTEDTHE¡¡MANY¡¡KINDS¡¡OF¡¡¡¨SAFETY¡¨
PAPER¡¡AND¡¡PROCESSES¡¡IN¡¡THEIR¡¡MANUFACTURE
CHRONOLOGICAL¡¡REVIEW¡¡COVERING¡¡THIS¡¡SUBJECT
SURVEY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡VARIOUS¡¡PROCESSES¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡TREATMENT
AND¡¡USE¡¡OF¡¡¡¨SAFETY¡¨¡¡PAPERONLY¡¡THREE
CHEMICAL¡¡¡¨SAFETY¡¨¡¡PAPERS¡¡NOW¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡MARKET
WHY¡¡IT¡¡IS¡¡POSSIBLE¡¡TO¡¡RAISE¡¡SOME¡¡MONETARY
INSTRUMENTS¡£
PAPER¡¡manufacturers¡¡have¡¡tried¡¡all¡¡the¡¡pulp¡making
substances¡£¡¡This¡¡statement¡¡to¡¡the¡¡unlearned¡¡must
seem¡¡curious£»¡¡because¡¡in¡¡the¡¡very¡¡early¡¡times¡¡they
were¡¡content¡¡with¡¡a¡¡single¡¡material¡¡and¡¡that¡¡did¡¡not
even¡¡require¡¡to¡¡be¡¡first¡¡made¡¡into¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡pulp¡£
When¡¡the¡¡supply¡¡of¡¡papyrus¡¡failed£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡rags¡¡which
they¡¡substituted¡£¡¡By¡¡the¡¡simplest¡¡processes¡¡they
produced¡¡a¡¡paper¡¡with¡¡which¡¡our¡¡best¡¡cannot¡¡compare¡£
In¡¡some¡¡countries¡¡great¡¡care¡¡is¡¡exercised¡¡in
selecting¡¡the¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡paper¡¡for¡¡official¡¡use£»¡¡in¡¡others
none¡¡at¡¡all¡£
What¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡our¡¡archives¡¡a¡¡few¡¡hundred
years¡¡hence£»¡¡if¡¡they¡¡be¡¡not¡¡continually¡¡recopied£¿
Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡printed¡¡paper¡¡rots¡¡even¡¡more¡¡quickly
than¡¡written¡£
The¡¡late¡¡Pope¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡invited¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the
savants£»¡¡chemists¡¡and¡¡librarians¡¡of¡¡Europe£»¡¡to¡¡meet
at¡¡Einsiedlen¡¡Abbey¡¡in¡¡Switzerland¡£¡¡He¡¡requested
that¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡their¡¡discussions¡¡should¡¡be¡¡both
ink¡¡and¡¡paper¡£¡¡He¡¡volunteered¡¡the¡¡information£»
already¡¡known¡¡to¡¡the¡¡initiated£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡records¡¡of
this¡¡generation¡¡in¡¡his¡¡custody¡¡and¡¡under¡¡his¡¡control
were¡¡fast¡¡disappearing¡¡and¡¡unless¡¡the¡¡writing¡¡materials
were¡¡much¡¡improved¡¡he¡¡estimated¡¡that¡¡they
would¡¡entirely¡¡disappear¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡stated¡¡that¡¡at¡¡this
meeting¡¡the¡¡Pope's¡¡representative¡¡submitted¡¡a¡¡number
of¡¡documents¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Vatican¡¡archives¡¡which
are¡¡scarcely¡¡decipherable¡¡though¡¡dated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡nineteenth
century¡£¡¡In¡¡a¡¡few¡¡of¡¡those¡¡of¡¡dates¡¡later¡¡than
1873¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡was¡¡so¡¡tender¡¡that¡¡unless¡¡handled
with¡¡exceptional¡¡care£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡break¡¡in¡¡pieces¡¡like
scorched¡¡paper¡£
These¡¡conditions¡¡are¡¡in¡¡line¡¡with¡¡many¡¡of¡¡those
which¡¡prevail¡¡with¡¡few¡¡exceptions¡¡in¡¡every¡¡country£»
town¡¡or¡¡hamlet¡£
A¡¡contributory¡¡cause¡¡as¡¡we¡¡know¡¡is¡¡a¡¡class¡¡of¡¡poor
and¡¡cheap¡¡inks¡¡now¡¡in¡¡almost¡¡universal¡¡use¡£¡¡The
other¡¡is¡¡the¡¡so¡called¡¡¡¨modern¡¨¡¡or¡¡wood¡pulp¡¡paper
in¡¡general¡¡vogue¡£
Reaumur£»¡¡as¡¡already¡¡stated£»¡¡back¡¡in¡¡1719¡¡suggested
from¡¡information¡¡gathered¡¡in¡¡examinations¡¡of¡¡wasps'
nests£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡paper¡¡might¡¡be¡¡manufactured¡¡from
wood¡£¡¡This¡¡idea¡¡does¡¡not¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡acted
upon¡¡until¡¡many¡¡years¡¡later£»¡¡although¡¡in¡¡the¡¡interim
inventors¡¡were¡¡exhausting¡¡their¡¡ingenuity¡¡in¡¡the
selection¡¡of¡¡fibrous¡¡materials¡¡from¡¡which¡¡paper¡¡might
be¡¡manufactured¡£
The¡¡successful¡¡introduction¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡as¡¡a¡¡substitute
for¡¡or¡¡with¡¡rags¡¡in¡¡paper¡¡manufacture¡¡until¡¡about
1870¡¡was¡¡of¡¡slow¡¡growth£»¡¡since¡¡which¡¡time¡¡vast
quantities¡¡have¡¡been¡¡employed¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡country
alone¡¡millions¡¡of¡¡tons¡¡of¡¡raw¡¡material¡¡are¡¡being¡¡imported
to¡¡say¡¡nothing¡¡of¡¡home¡¡products¡£
Its¡¡value¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡some¡¡arts
which¡¡contribute¡¡greatly¡¡to¡¡our¡¡comfort¡¡and¡¡civilization
cannot¡¡be¡¡overestimated£»¡¡but¡¡nevertheless¡¡the
wood¡¡paper¡¡is¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡disintegrate¡¡and¡¡decay£»¡¡and
the¡¡time¡¡not¡¡very¡¡far¡¡distant¡¡either¡£¡¡Hence£»¡¡its¡¡use
for¡¡records¡¡of¡¡any¡¡kind¡¡is¡¡always¡¡to¡¡be¡¡condemned¡£
There¡¡are¡¡three¡¡classes¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡pulp£»¡¡mechanical
wood£»¡¡soda¡¡process£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sulphite¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡or
mechanical¡¡wood¡¡is¡¡a¡¡German¡¡invention¡¡of¡¡1844£»
where¡¡the¡¡logs¡¡after¡¡being¡¡cut¡¡up¡¡into¡¡proper¡¡blocks£»
were¡¡then¡¡ground¡¡against¡¡a¡¡moving¡¡millstone¡¡against
which¡¡they¡¡were¡¡pressed¡¡and¡¡with¡¡the¡¡aid¡¡of¡¡flowing
water¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡a¡¡pulpy¡¡form¡£¡¡This¡¡pulp¡¡was
transported¡¡into¡¡suitable¡¡tanks¡¡and¡¡then¡¡pumped¡¡to
the¡¡¡¨beaters¡£¡¨
The¡¡soda¡¡process¡¡wood¡¡and¡¡sulphite¡¡wood¡¡pulp¡¡are
both¡¡made¡¡by¡¡chemical¡¡processes¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡was
invented¡¡by¡¡Meliner¡¡in¡¡1865¡£¡¡The¡¡preparation¡¡of
pulp¡¡by¡¡this¡¡process¡¡consists¡¡briefly¡¡in¡¡first¡¡cutting¡¡up
the¡¡logs¡¡into¡¡suitable¡¡sections¡¡and¡¡throwing¡¡them
into¡¡a¡¡chipping¡¡machine¡£¡¡The¡¡chips¡¡are¡¡then¡¡introduced
into¡¡tanks¡¡containing¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡solution¡¡of
caustic¡¡soda¡¡and¡¡boiled¡¡under¡¡pressure¡£
The¡¡sulphite¡¡process¡¡is¡¡substantially¡¡the¡¡same¡¡except
that¡¡the¡¡chips¡¡are¡¡thrown¡¡into¡¡what¡¡are¡¡called
digesters¡¡and¡¡fed¡¡with¡¡the¡¡chemicals¡¡which¡¡form¡¡an
acid¡¡sulphite¡£¡¡The¡¡real¡¡inventor¡¡of¡¡this¡¡latter¡¡process
is¡¡not¡¡known¡£
The¡¡chemicals¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡both¡¡of¡¡these¡¡processes
compel¡¡a¡¡separation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡resinous¡¡matters¡¡from¡¡the
cell¡¡tissues¡¡or¡¡cellulose¡£¡¡These¡¡products¡¡are¡¡then
treated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡manufacturing¡¡of¡¡paper¡¡with¡¡few¡¡variations£»
the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡the¡¡ordinary¡¡rag¡¡pulp¡£
These¡¡now¡¡perfected¡¡processes¡¡are¡¡the¡¡results¡¡of¡¡long
and¡¡continuing¡¡experimentations¡¡made¡¡by¡¡many¡¡inventors¡£
The¡¡following¡¡paper¡¡was¡¡read¡¡before¡¡the¡¡London
Society¡¡of¡¡Arts¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Alfred¡¡Glyde£»¡¡in¡¡May£»¡¡1850£»
and¡¡is¡¡equally¡¡applicable¡¡to¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wood¡¡paper
of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡day£º
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in¡¡the¡¡microscope£»¡¡little¡¡was¡¡known¡¡of¡¡the¡¡real¡¡nature
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few¡¡years£»¡¡but¡¡since¡¡the¡¡improvements¡¡in¡¡that¡¡instrument
the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡the¡¡development£»¡¡growth£»
and¡¡offices¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fungi¡¡has¡¡received¡¡much¡¡attention¡£
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the¡¡class¡¡of¡¡thallogens¡¡£¨Lindley£©£»¡¡the¡¡algae¡¡existing
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of¡¡attachment¡¡of¡¡which¡¡are¡¡singularly¡¡various¡¡and
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substances¡¡on¡¡which¡¡they¡¡grow£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡from¡¡the
media¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡live¡£¡¡They¡¡contain¡¡a¡¡larger
quantity¡¡of¡¡nitrogen¡¡in¡¡their¡¡constitution¡¡than¡¡vegetables
generally¡¡do£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡substance¡¡called¡¡'fungine'
has¡¡a¡¡near¡¡resemblance¡¡to¡¡animal¡¡matter¡£
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