forty centuries of ink-µÚ59²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
scraped¡¡off¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡also¡¡the¡¡stronger
bark¡¡which¡¡is¡¡of¡¡a¡¡full¡¡year's¡¡growth¡¡is¡¡separated
from¡¡the¡¡thinner£»¡¡which¡¡covered¡¡the¡¡younger
branches£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡yields¡¡the¡¡best¡¡and¡¡whitest
paper¡£¡¡After¡¡it¡¡has¡¡been¡¡sufficiently¡¡cleansed¡¡out
and¡¡separated£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡boiled¡¡in¡¡clear¡¡ley£»¡¡and
if¡¡stirred¡¡frequently¡¡it¡¡soon¡¡becomes¡¡of¡¡a¡¡suitable
nature¡£
¡¨It¡¡is¡¡then¡¡washed£»¡¡a¡¡process¡¡requiring¡¡much
attention¡¡and¡¡great¡¡skill¡¡and¡¡judgment£»¡¡for¡¡if¡¡it
be¡¡not¡¡washed¡¡long¡¡enough£»¡¡although¡¡strong¡¡and
of¡¡good¡¡body£»¡¡will¡¡be¡¡coarse¡¡and¡¡of¡¡little¡¡value£»¡¡if
washed¡¡too¡¡long¡¡it¡¡will¡¡afford¡¡a¡¡white¡¡paper£»¡¡but
will¡¡be¡¡spongy¡¡and¡¡unfit¡¡for¡¡writing¡¡upon¡£¡¡Having
been¡¡washed¡¡until¡¡it¡¡becomes¡¡a¡¡soft¡¡and¡¡woolly
pulp£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡spread¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡table¡¡and¡¡beat¡¡fine¡¡with¡¡a
mallet¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡then¡¡put¡¡into¡¡a¡¡tub¡¡with¡¡an¡¡infusion
of¡¡rice¡¡and¡¡breni¡¡root£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡is¡¡stirred
until¡¡the¡¡ingredients¡¡are¡¡thoroughly¡¡mixed¡¡in¡¡a
mass¡¡of¡¡proper¡¡consistence¡£¡¡The¡¡moulds¡¡on¡¡which
sheets¡¡are¡¡formed¡¡are¡¡made¡¡of¡¡reeds¡¡cut¡¡into¡¡narrow
strips¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡wire£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡process¡¡of¡¡dipping
is¡¡like¡¡that¡¡of¡¡other¡¡countries¡£¡¡After¡¡being
allowed¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡a¡¡short¡¡time¡¡in¡¡heaps¡¡under¡¡a
slight¡¡pressure£»¡¡the¡¡sheets¡¡are¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sun£»
by¡¡which¡¡they¡¡are¡¡properly¡¡dried¡£
¡¨The¡¡Arabians¡¡in¡¡the¡¡seventh¡¡century¡¡appear
to¡¡have¡¡either¡¡discovered¡¡or¡¡to¡¡have¡¡learned¡¡from
the¡¡Chinese¡¡or¡¡Hindoos£»¡¡quite¡¡likely¡¡from¡¡the¡¡latter£»
the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡making¡¡paper¡¡from¡¡cotton£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is
known¡¡that¡¡a¡¡manufactory¡¡of¡¡such¡¡paper¡¡was¡¡established
at¡¡Samarcand¡¡about¡¡the¡¡year¡¡706¡¡A¡£¡¡D£»¡¡The
Arabians¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡have¡¡carried¡¡the¡¡art¡¡to¡¡Spain£»
and¡¡to¡¡have¡¡there¡¡made¡¡paper¡¡from¡¡linen¡¡and¡¡hemp
as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡from¡¡cotton¡£
¡¨The¡¡art¡¡of¡¡manufacturing¡¡paper¡¡from¡¡cotton
is¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡found¡¡its¡¡way¡¡into¡¡Europe¡¡in
the¡¡eleventh¡¡century¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡paper¡¡of¡¡that¡¡kind
was¡¡made¡¡of¡¡raw¡¡cotton£»¡¡but¡¡its¡¡manufacture¡¡was
by¡¡the¡¡Arabians¡¡extended¡¡to¡¡old¡¡worn¡out¡¡cotton£»
and¡¡even¡¡to¡¡the¡¡smallest¡¡pieces¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said¡£¡¡But¡¡as
there¡¡are¡¡cotton¡¡plants¡¡of¡¡various¡¡kinds£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡natural
that¡¡they¡¡should¡¡produce¡¡papers¡¡of¡¡different
qualities£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡unite¡¡their
woolly¡¡particles¡¡so¡¡firmly¡¡as¡¡to¡¡form¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡substantial
paper£»¡¡for¡¡want¡¡of¡¡sufficient¡¡skill¡¡and
proper¡¡machinery£»¡¡using¡¡as¡¡they¡¡did¡¡mortars¡¡and
rude¡¡horse¡mills¡£¡¡The¡¡Greeks£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said£»¡¡made
use¡¡of¡¡cotton¡¡paper¡¡before¡¡the¡¡Latins¡£¡¡It¡¡came
into¡¡Germany¡¡through¡¡Venice¡¡and¡¡was¡¡called¡¡Greek
parchment¡£
¡¨The¡¡Moors£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡the¡¡paper¡makers¡¡of
Spain£»¡¡having¡¡been¡¡expelled¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Spaniards£»
the¡¡latter£»¡¡acquainted¡¡with¡¡water¡¡mills£»¡¡improved
the¡¡manufacture¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡produce¡¡a¡¡paper¡¡from
cotton¡¡nearly¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡that¡¡made¡¡of¡¡linen¡¡rags¡£¡¨
A¡¡chronology¡¡of¡¡paper¡¡relating¡¡to¡¡the¡¡earliest¡¡specimens
of¡¡them¡¡can¡¡also¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡Munsell's¡¡work¡¡on
that¡¡subject£»¡¡several¡¡are¡¡here¡¡cited£º
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡704¡£¡¡The¡¡Arabians¡¡are¡¡supposed¡¡to
have¡¡acquired¡¡the¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡making¡¡paper¡¡of
cotton£»¡¡by¡¡their¡¡conquests¡¡in¡¡Tartary¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡706¡£¡¡Casiri£»¡¡a¡¡Spanish¡¡author£»¡¡attributes
the¡¡invention¡¡of¡¡cotton¡¡paper¡¡to¡¡Joseph¡¡Amru£»¡¡in
this¡¡year£»¡¡at¡¡Mecca£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡well¡¡known¡¡that¡¡the
Chinese¡¡and¡¡Persians¡¡were¡¡acquainted¡¡with¡¡its
manufacture¡¡before¡¡this¡¡period¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡900¡£¡¡The¡¡bulls¡¡of¡¡the¡¡popes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eighth¡¡and¡¡ninth
centuries¡¡were¡¡written¡¡upon¡¡cotton¡¡paper¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡900¡£¡¡Montfaucon£»¡¡who¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of
his¡¡diligence¡¡and¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡his¡¡researches¡¡is
great¡¡authority£»¡¡wrote¡¡a¡¡dissertation¡¡to¡¡prove¡¡that
charta¡¡bombycine£»¡¡cotton¡¡paper£»¡¡was¡¡discovered¡¡in
the¡¡empire¡¡of¡¡the¡¡east¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ninth
or¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tenth¡¡century¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1007¡£¡¡The¡¡plenarium£»¡¡or¡¡inventory£»¡¡of
the¡¡treasure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡church¡¡of¡¡Sandersheim£»¡¡is¡¡written
upon¡¡paper¡¡of¡¡cotton£»¡¡bearing¡¡this¡¡date¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1049¡£¡¡The¡¡oldest¡¡manuscript¡¡in¡¡England
written¡¡upon¡¡cotton¡¡paper£»¡¡is¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Bodleian¡¡collection
of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Museum£»¡¡having¡¡this¡¡date¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1050¡£¡¡The¡¡most¡¡ancient¡¡manuscript¡¡on
cotton¡¡paper£»¡¡that¡¡has¡¡been¡¡discovered¡¡in¡¡the
Royal¡¡Library¡¡at¡¡Paris¡¡having¡¡a¡¡date£»¡¡bears¡¡record
of¡¡this¡¡year¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1085¡£¡¡The¡¡Christian¡¡successors¡¡of¡¡Moorish
paper¡makers¡¡at¡¡Toledo¡¡in¡¡Spain£»¡¡worked¡¡the
paper¡mills¡¡to¡¡better¡¡advantage¡¡than¡¡their¡¡predecessors¡£
Instead¡¡of¡¡manufacturing¡¡paper¡¡of¡¡raw
cotton£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡easily¡¡recognized¡¡by¡¡its¡¡yellowness
and¡¡brittleness£»¡¡they¡¡made¡¡it¡¡of¡¡rags£»¡¡in¡¡moulds
through¡¡which¡¡the¡¡water¡¡ran¡¡off£»¡¡for¡¡this¡¡reason¡¡it
was¡¡called¡¡parchment¡¡cloth¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1100¡£¡¡The¡¡Aphorisms¡¡of¡¡Hippocrates£»¡¡in
Arabia£»¡¡the¡¡manuscript¡¡of¡¡which¡¡bears¡¡this¡¡date£»
has¡¡been¡¡pronounced¡¡the¡¡oldest¡¡specimen¡¡of¡¡linen
paper¡¡that¡¡has¡¡come¡¡to¡¡light¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1100¡£¡¡Arabic¡¡manuscripts¡¡were¡¡at¡¡this
time¡¡written¡¡on¡¡satin¡¡paper£»¡¡and¡¡embellished¡¡with
a¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡ornamental¡¡work£»¡¡painted¡¡in¡¡such
gay¡¡and¡¡resplendent¡¡colors¡¡that¡¡the¡¡reader¡¡might
behold¡¡his¡¡face¡¡reflected¡¡as¡¡if¡¡from¡¡a¡¡mirror¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1100¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡a¡¡diploma¡¡of¡¡Roger£»
king¡¡of¡¡Sicily£»¡¡dated¡¡1145£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡be¡¡says¡¡that
he¡¡had¡¡renewed¡¡on¡¡parchment¡¡a¡¡charter¡¡that¡¡had
been¡¡written¡¡on¡¡cotton¡¡paper¡¡in¡¡1100¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1102¡£¡¡The¡¡king¡¡of¡¡Sicily¡¡appears¡¡to
have¡¡accorded¡¡a¡¡diploma¡¡to¡¡an¡¡ancient¡¡family¡¡of
paper¡makers¡¡who¡¡had¡¡established¡¡a¡¡manufactory
in¡¡that¡¡island£»¡¡where¡¡cotton¡¡was¡¡indigenous£»¡¡and
this¡¡has¡¡been¡¡thought¡¡to¡¡point¡¡to¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡cotton
paper£»¡¡quite¡¡erroneously¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1120¡£¡¡Peter¡¡the¡¡Venerable£»¡¡abbot¡¡of
Clum£»¡¡who¡¡flourished¡¡about¡¡this¡¡time£»¡¡declared
that¡¡paper¡¡from¡¡linen¡¡rags¡¡was¡¡in¡¡use¡¡in¡¡his¡¡day¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1150¡£¡¡Edrisi£»¡¡who¡¡wrote¡¡at¡¡this¡¡time£»
tells¡¡us¡¡that¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡made¡¡at¡¡Xativa£»¡¡an¡¡ancient
city¡¡of¡¡Valencia£»¡¡was¡¡excellent£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡exported
to¡¡countries¡¡east¡¡and¡¡west¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1151¡£¡¡An¡¡Arabian¡¡author¡¡certifies¡¡that
very¡¡fine¡¡white¡¡cotton¡¡paper¡¡was¡¡manufactured¡¡in
Spain£»¡¡and¡¡Cacim¡¡aben¡¡Hegi¡¡assures¡¡us¡¡that¡¡the¡¡best
was¡¡made¡¡at¡¡Xativa¡£¡¡The¡¡Spaniards¡¡being¡¡acquainted
with¡¡water¡mills£»¡¡improved¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Moorish
method¡¡of¡¡grinding¡¡the¡¡raw¡¡cotton¡¡and¡¡rags£»¡¡and
by¡¡stamping¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡in¡¡the¡¡mill£»¡¡they¡¡produced¡¡a
better¡¡pulp¡¡than¡¡from¡¡raw¡¡cotton£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡various
sorts¡¡of¡¡paper¡¡were¡¡manufactured£»¡¡nearly¡¡equal¡¡to
those¡¡made¡¡from¡¡linen¡¡rags¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1153¡£¡¡Petrus¡¡Mauritius¡¡£¨the¡¡Abbi¡¡de
Cluni£©£»¡¡who¡¡died¡¡in¡¡this¡¡year£»¡¡has¡¡the¡¡following
passage¡¡on¡¡paper¡¡in¡¡his¡¡Treatise¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Jews£»
'The¡¡books¡¡we¡¡read¡¡every¡¡day¡¡are¡¡made¡¡of¡¡sheep£»
goat£»¡¡or¡¡calf¡¡skin£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡rags¡¡£¨ex¡¡rasauris¡¡veterum
pannorum£©£»'¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡allude¡¡to¡¡modern¡¡paper¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1178¡£¡¡A¡¡treaty¡¡of¡¡peace¡¡between¡¡the
kings¡¡of¡¡Aragon¡¡and¡¡Castile¡¡is¡¡the¡¡oldest¡¡specimen
of¡¡linen¡¡paper¡¡used¡¡in¡¡Spain¡¡with¡¡a¡¡date¡£¡¡It
is¡¡supposed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Moors£»¡¡on¡¡their¡¡settlement¡¡in
Spain£»¡¡where¡¡cotton¡¡was¡¡scarce£»¡¡made¡¡paper¡¡of
hemp¡¡and¡¡flax¡£¡¡The¡¡inventor¡¡of¡¡linen¡rag¡¡paper£»
whoever¡¡he¡¡was£»¡¡is¡¡entitled¡¡to¡¡the¡¡gratitude¡¡of
posterity¡£
¡¨A¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡1200¡£¡¡Casiri¡¡positively¡¡affirms¡¡that
there¡¡are¡¡manuscripts¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Escurial¡¡palace¡¡near
Madrid£»¡¡upon¡¡both¡¡cotton¡¡and¡¡hemp¡¡paper£»¡¡written
prior¡¡to¡¡this¡¡time¡£¡¨
Abdollatiph£»¡¡an¡¡Arabian¡¡physician£»¡¡who¡¡visited
Egypt¡¡in¡¡1200£»¡¡says¡¡that¡¡the¡¡linen¡¡mummy¡cloths
were¡¡habitually¡¡used¡¡to¡¡make¡¡wrapping¡¡paper¡¡for¡¡the
shopkeepers¡£
A¡¡document¡¡with¡¡the¡¡seals¡¡preserved¡¡dated¡¡A¡£¡¡D¡£
1239¡¡and¡¡signed¡¡by¡¡Adolphus£»¡¡count¡¡of¡¡Schaumburg
is¡¡written¡¡on¡¡linen¡¡paper¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡preserved¡¡in¡¡the
university¡¡of¡¡Rinteln£»¡¡Germany£»¡¡and¡¡establishes¡¡the
fact¡¡that¡¡linen¡¡paper¡¡was¡¡already¡¡in¡¡use¡¡in¡¡Germany¡£
Specimens¡¡of¡¡flax¡¡paper¡¡and¡¡still¡¡extant¡¡are¡¡quite
numerous£»¡¡a¡¡very¡¡few¡¡of¡¡them¡¡having¡¡dates¡¡included
in¡¡the¡¡eighth¡¡and¡¡ninth¡¡centuries¡£
The¡¡charta¡¡Damascena£»¡¡so¡called¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡of
its¡¡manufacture¡¡in¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Damascus£»¡¡was¡¡in¡¡use¡¡in
the¡¡eighth¡¡century¡£¡¡Many¡¡Arabian¡¡MSS¡£¡¡on¡¡such¡¡a
paper¡¡exist¡¡dating¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ninth¡¡century¡£
The¡¡charta¡¡bombycina¡¡£¨bombyx£»¡¡a¡¡silk¡¡and¡¡cotton
paper£©¡¡was¡¡much¡¡employed¡¡during¡¡mediaeval¡¡periods¡£
The¡¡microscope£»¡¡however£»¡¡has¡¡demonstrated¡¡conclusively
many¡¡things¡¡formerly¡¡in¡¡doubt¡¡and¡¡relating
particularly¡¡to¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡fibre
used¡¡in¡¡paper¡making¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important
is¡¡the¡¡now¡¡established¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡difference
between¡¡the¡¡fibres¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡cotton¡¡and¡¡linen¡¡papers£»
as¡¡made¡¡from¡¡rags¡¡so¡¡named¡£
To¡¡ascertain¡¡the¡¡precise¡¡period¡¡and¡¡the¡¡particular
nation¡¡of¡¡Europe£»¡¡when¡¡and¡¡among¡¡whom¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of
our¡¡common¡¡paper¡¡fabricated¡¡from¡¡linen¡¡rags¡¡first
originated£»¡¡was¡¡a¡¡very¡¡earnest¡¡object¡¡of¡¡research
with¡¡the¡¡learned¡¡Meerman£»¡¡author¡¡of¡¡a¡¡now¡¡exceedingly
rare¡¡work¡¡on¡¡this¡¡subject¡¡and¡¡published¡¡in¡¡1767¡£
His¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡inquiry¡¡was¡¡unique¡£¡¡He¡¡proposed¡¡a
reward¡¡of¡¡twenty¡five¡¡golden¡¡ducats£»¡¡to¡¡whoever
should¡¡discover¡¡what¡¡on¡¡due¡¡examination¡¡should¡¡appear
to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡most¡¡ancient¡¡manuscript¡¡or¡¡public
document¡¡inscribed¡¡on¡¡paper¡¡manufactured¡¡from
linen¡¡rags¡£¡¡This¡¡proposal¡¡was¡¡distributed¡¡through
all¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡Europe¡£¡¡His¡¡little¡¡volume¡¡contains¡¡the
replies¡¡which¡¡Meerman¡¡received¡£¡¡The¡¡scholars¡¡who
remitted¡¡the¡¡result¡¡o