forty centuries of ink-µÚ33²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
is¡¡discovered¡¡for¡¡the¡¡carbon¡¡which¡¡forms¡¡nearly¡¡the
whole¡¡of¡¡its¡¡composition£»¡¡at¡¡which¡¡time¡¡THE¡¡perfect
ink¡¡can¡¡be¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡discovered¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XVII¡£
INK¡¡PHENOMENA¡£
CONDITION¡¡OF¡¡INK¡¡WHEN¡¡FIRST¡¡PLACED¡¡ON¡¡PAPERITS
METAMORPHOSIS¡¡AND¡¡AFFINITIESIGNORANCE¡¡OF¡¡THE
FORGER¡¡AS¡¡TO¡¡ITS¡¡ORIGINAL¡¡ENVIRONMENTTREATMENT
OF¡¡OLD¡¡INK¡¡MARKSHOW¡¡PAPER¡¡MAY¡¡DISCOLOR
INKTHE¡¡USES¡¡OF¡¡ACID¡¡IN¡¡INKVEHICLES
TO¡¡HOLD¡¡INK¡¡PARTICLES¡¡AND¡¡PRESERVE¡¡THEMINKS
FIVE¡¡CENTURIES¡¡OLD¡¡DO¡¡PRESERVE¡¡THEIR
GLOSSSOME¡¡CAUSES¡¡OF¡¡INK¡¡DISINTEGRATIONWHEN
INK¡¡BECOMES¡¡IRRESPONSIVE¡¡TO¡¡THE¡¡ELEMENTS
DEMONSTRATED¡¡TRUTHS¡¡ABOUT¡¡INK¡¡CONSTITUENTS¡¡AND
COLOR¡¡PHENOMENANATURAL¡¡EVOLUTION¡¡OF¡¡AN
INK¡¡MARKLENGTH¡¡OF¡¡TIME¡¡REQUIRED¡¡TO¡¡BECOME
BLACKFIRST¡¡INDICATIONS¡¡OF¡¡AGEDISAPPEARANCE
OF¡¡INK¡¡QUALITIESARTIFICIAL¡¡AGING¡¡OF¡¡INKTESTS
FOR¡¡IT¡¡AND¡¡HOW¡¡TO¡¡CONFIRM¡¡THEMBLEACHING¡¡AND
REMOVAL¡¡OF¡¡INK¡¡FROM¡¡PAPER¡¡CRIMINALLY¡¡CONSIDERED
CHEMISTRY¡¡OF¡¡SUCH¡¡MARKSTHEIR¡¡RESTORATION
VARIATIONS¡¡IN¡¡METHODS¡¡WHICH¡¡CAN¡¡BE
EMPLOYED¡£
ALL¡¡inks¡¡when¡¡first¡¡placed¡¡on¡¡paper¡¡are¡¡of¡¡course
in¡¡a¡¡fluid¡¡state¡£¡¡Gradual¡¡evaporation¡¡of¡¡moisture
causes¡¡a¡¡change¡¡not¡¡only¡¡in¡¡color¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of
the¡¡iron¡¡and¡¡gall¡¡inks£»¡¡in¡¡their¡¡chemical¡¡constitution£»
being¡¡immediately¡¡affected¡¡by¡¡their¡¡environment£»
whether¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡on¡¡which
they¡¡rest£»¡¡the¡¡kind¡¡or¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pen¡¡used£»¡¡or
most¡¡important¡¡of¡¡all£»¡¡the¡¡elements¡£¡¡Those¡¡who¡¡use¡¡the
black¡¡inks¡¡and¡¡chemical¡¡writing¡¡fluids¡¡will¡¡have¡¡noticed
these¡¡characteristics¡£¡¡The¡¡pale¡¡brown£»¡¡blue¡¡or¡¡green
as¡¡first¡¡written£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡gradual¡¡change¡¡after¡¡a¡¡short
period¡¡to¡¡an¡¡approaching¡¡blackness£»¡¡are¡¡reactions¡¡due
largely¡¡to¡¡atmospheric¡¡conditions£»¡¡the¡¡oxygen¡¡uniting
with¡¡that¡¡for¡¡which¡¡it¡¡has¡¡affinity¡¡and¡¡instantly
beginning¡¡with¡¡TIME¡¡to¡¡make¡¡its¡¡march£»¡¡producing
natural¡¡phenomena£»¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡only¡¡superficially
imitated¡¡but¡¡never¡¡exactly¡¡reproduced¡£¡¡When¡¡we
further¡¡take¡¡into¡¡consideration¡¡that¡¡the¡¡forger¡¡cannot
always¡¡know¡¡of¡¡the¡¡circumstances¡¡which¡¡surround
the¡¡placing¡¡of¡¡original¡¡ink¡¡on¡¡paper¡¡and¡¡that¡¡be¡¡cannot
manufacture¡¡the¡¡TIME¡¡which¡¡has¡¡already¡¡elapsed£»
it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡strange¡¡that¡¡attempted¡¡fraud¡¡can¡¡often¡¡be
made¡¡evident¡¡and¡¡complete¡¡demonstrations¡¡given¡¡of
the¡¡methods¡¡employed¡£
With¡¡the¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡time£»¡¡the¡¡particles¡¡in¡¡some
inks¡¡which¡¡are¡¡held¡¡together¡¡on¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡by¡¡gummy
vehicles£»¡¡commence¡¡to¡¡disintegrate¡¡and¡¡change¡¡from
intense¡¡black¡¡to¡¡the¡¡brown¡¡color¡¡of¡¡iron¡¡rust£»¡¡the
¡¨added¡¨¡¡color¡¡which¡¡of¡¡itself¡¡is¡¡fugitive¡¡in¡¡character£»
soon¡¡departs£»¡¡the¡¡vegetable¡¡astringent¡¡separating
from¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡salt¡¡decays¡¡gradually¡¡and¡¡disappears
and¡¡finally¡¡terminates¡¡in¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡stain¡¡or¡¡dust¡¡mark
which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡blown¡¡off¡¡the¡¡paper¡£¡¡Sometimes£»¡¡the
written¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡such¡¡paper¡¡can¡¡be¡¡treated¡¡by¡¡carefully
moistening¡¡it¡¡with¡¡a¡¡decoction¡¡of¡¡nut¡galls¡¡or¡¡its
equivalent¡¡in¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡weak¡¡acid£»¡¡then¡¡if¡¡any
iron¡¡be¡¡present£»¡¡a¡¡measurable¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡restoration¡¡of
color¡¡will¡¡ensue¡¡and¡¡remain¡¡for¡¡a¡¡short¡¡period¡£
Again£»¡¡the¡¡discoloration¡¡of¡¡an¡¡iron¡¡ink¡¡may¡¡be¡¡due¡¡to
the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡paper£»¡¡if¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cheaper¡¡grades
and¡¡the¡¡bleaching¡¡compounds¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡their
manufacture¡¡are¡¡not¡¡thoroughly¡¡washed¡¡out£»¡¡then¡¡the
ink¡¡not¡¡only¡¡begins¡¡to¡¡absorb¡¡oxygen¡¡from¡¡the
atmosphere¡¡but¡¡the¡¡chlorine¡¡in¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡attacks¡¡it
and¡¡the¡¡process¡¡of¡¡destruction¡¡is¡¡thereby¡¡hastened¡£
The¡¡introduction¡¡of¡¡acid¡¡into¡¡ink¡¡has¡¡two¡¡purposes£»
one¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡more¡¡limpidity£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡to¡¡cause
it¡¡to¡¡penetrate¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡and¡¡in¡¡this¡¡way¡¡bind
together¡¡the¡¡constituent¡¡particles¡¡of¡¡both¡¡ink¡¡and
paper¡£¡¡Most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chemical¡¡writing¡¡fluids¡¡of¡¡this
decade¡¡carry¡¡a¡¡superabundance¡¡of¡¡acid¡¡in¡¡their
composition£»¡¡which¡¡in¡¡time¡¡will¡¡burn¡¡through¡¡the¡¡paper
and¡¡ultimately¡¡destroy¡¡it¡£
All¡¡tanno¡gallate¡¡of¡¡iron¡¡inks¡¡require¡¡some¡¡vehicle
to¡¡hold¡¡their¡¡particles¡¡in¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡suspension£»¡¡otherwise
there¡¡would¡¡be¡¡precipitation¡¡and¡¡such¡¡an¡¡ink
could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡used¡£¡¡To¡¡meet¡¡this¡¡requirement¡¡a
variety¡¡of¡¡gums¡¡are¡¡employed¡¡by¡¡manufacturers£»
gum¡¡acacia¡¡being¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡one¡£¡¡Its¡¡purpose¡¡is
threefoldas¡¡before¡¡stated£»¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡ink¡¡particles
in¡¡suspensionto¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡ink¡¡from¡¡flowing¡¡too
rapidly£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡drying¡¡WITHOUT¡¡blotting£»¡¡to¡¡act¡¡as
an¡¡envelope¡¡to¡¡encase¡¡the¡¡now¡¡fixed¡¡ink¡¡and¡¡prevent
or¡¡interfere¡¡with¡¡its¡¡absorption¡¡of¡¡an¡¡excess¡¡of¡¡oxygen¡£
The¡¡longer¡¡these¡¡latter¡¡conditions¡¡obtain¡¡the¡¡longer
will¡¡the¡¡ink¡¡retain¡¡its¡¡pristineness£»¡¡its¡¡durability¡¡and
permanence¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¨time¡¡proved¡¨¡¡ink¡written¡¡specimens
of¡¡five¡¡hundred¡¡years¡¡or¡¡more¡¡ago¡¡which¡¡continue
to¡¡retain¡¡their¡¡original¡¡intense¡¡black¡¡color¡¡and
¡¨glossy¡¨¡¡appearance£»¡¡do¡¡not£»¡¡however£»¡¡yield¡¡any¡¡evidence
of¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡vegetable¡¡gums¡¡in¡¡their¡¡composition¡£
Where¡¡such¡¡instances¡¡have¡¡been¡¡noticed¡¡the¡¡gloss¡¡is
invariably¡¡missing¡£¡¡But£»¡¡where¡¡ANY¡¡gloss¡¡is¡¡present£»
it¡¡was¡¡and¡¡is¡¡because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡employment¡¡of¡¡isinglass
£¨fish¡glue£©¡¡as¡¡the¡¡vehicle¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡ink
particles¡£
Hence¡¡the¡¡variations¡¡of¡¡color¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡ancient¡¡paper
writings£»¡¡as¡¡already¡¡stated£»¡¡were¡¡due¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to¡¡possible
imperfect¡¡admixtures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡component¡¡parts¡¡of
the¡¡inks£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡vegetable¡¡gums¡¡in¡¡their
preparation¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡time¡¡these¡¡have¡¡been
absorbed¡¡by¡¡moisture¡¡which¡¡hastened¡¡disintegration£»
causing¡¡a¡¡gradual¡¡disappearance¡¡of¡¡their¡¡original¡¡blackness
and¡¡gloss¡¡and¡¡finally¡¡a¡¡return¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rusty¡¡color
of¡¡oxidized¡¡iron¡£
It¡¡therefore¡¡follows£»¡¡my¡¡observations¡¡and¡¡deductions
being¡¡correct£»¡¡the¡¡older¡¡a¡¡writing¡¡made¡¡with
tanno¡gallate¡¡of¡¡iron¡¡ink£»¡¡where¡¡isinglass¡¡is¡¡the¡¡binder£»
and¡¡which¡¡has¡¡not¡¡been¡¡¡¨blotted£»¡¨¡¡the¡¡harder¡¡and
more¡¡impervious¡¡and¡¡irresponsive¡¡it¡¡becomes¡¡to¡¡the
action¡¡of¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡elements¡¡or¡¡of¡¡chemical¡¡reagents¡£
The¡¡truths¡¡demonstrated¡¡in¡¡this¡¡proposition¡¡cannot
be¡¡denied¡£¡¡They¡¡fortify¡¡as¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡a¡¡properly
proportioned¡¡mixture¡¡in¡¡water¡¡of¡¡an¡¡infusion¡¡of¡¡nut¡
galls¡¡or¡¡gallo¡tannic¡¡acid¡¡and¡¡sulphate¡¡of¡¡iron£»¡¡with
isinglass¡¡as¡¡the¡¡vehicle¡¡to¡¡bold¡¡the¡¡particles¡¡in¡¡a¡¡state
of¡¡suspension£»¡¡if¡¡written¡¡with¡¡on¡¡good¡¡paper¡¡and¡¡allowed
to¡¡dry¡¡without¡¡blotting£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡short¡¡time¡¡becomes
encased¡¡or¡¡enveloped¡¡in¡¡such¡¡vehicle£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡thereby
rendered¡¡substantially¡¡insoluble¡¡and¡¡absolutely
prevents¡¡any¡¡extensive¡¡oxidation¡£¡¡Also£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡further
consequent¡¡result£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡chemically¡¡created¡¡an
unchangeable¡¡and¡¡continuing¡¡black¡¡color¡¡more¡¡permanent
and¡¡durable¡¡than¡¡the¡¡substance¡¡on¡¡which¡¡it¡¡appears¡£
With¡¡a¡¡sample¡¡of¡¡standard¡¡commercial¡¡chemical
writing¡¡fluid£»¡¡write¡¡on¡¡¡¨linen¡¨¡¡paper¡¡without¡¡blotting
it£»¡¡in¡¡thirty¡¡hours£»¡¡if¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡air¡¡and
from¡¡three¡¡to¡¡five¡¡days¡¡if¡¡kept¡¡from¡¡it£»¡¡the¡¡writing
should¡¡have¡¡assumed¡¡a¡¡color¡¡bordering¡¡on¡¡black£»¡¡it
becomes¡¡black¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡a¡¡month¡¡under¡¡any¡¡conditions£»
and¡¡so¡¡continues¡¡for¡¡a¡¡period¡¡of¡¡about¡¡five
or¡¡six¡¡years£»¡¡when¡¡if¡¡examined¡¡under¡¡a¡¡lens¡¡of¡¡the
magnification¡¡of¡¡ten¡¡diameters£»¡¡there¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡noticeable
discoloration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sides¡¡or¡¡pen¡¡tracks¡¡which
slowly¡¡spreads¡¡during¡¡a¡¡continuing¡¡period¡¡of¡¡from¡¡ten
to¡¡fifteen¡¡years£»¡¡until¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡pen¡¡marks¡¡are¡¡of¡¡a
rusty¡¡brown¡¡tint¡£¡¡A¡¡species¡¡of¡¡disintegration¡¡and
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forty¡¡years¡¡of¡¡age£»¡¡has¡¡destroyed¡¡all¡¡ink¡¡qualities¡£
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tracks¡¡but¡¡of¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡ink¡¡mark¡£¡¡If¡¡examined¡¡now
with¡¡a¡¡lens£»¡¡the¡¡ink¡¡is¡¡found¡¡to¡¡be¡¡thin¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡permit
the¡¡fibre¡¡of¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡through¡¡it£»¡¡thus¡¡indicating
artificial¡¡age¡£¡¡Furthermore£»¡¡if¡¡a¡¡20¡¡per¡¡cent
strength¡¡of¡¡hydrochloric¡¡acid¡¡be¡¡applied£»¡¡the¡¡¡¨added¡¨
color¡¡£¨usually¡¡a¡¡blue¡¡one£©¡¡is¡¡restored¡¡to¡¡ITS¡¡original
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by¡¡its¡¡fugitive¡¡characteristics¡£¡¡Again£»¡¡if¡¡a¡¡solution¡¡of
chlorinate¡¡of¡¡lime¡¡or¡¡soda¡¡be¡¡applied£»¡¡the¡¡ink¡¡mark
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ink¡¡marks£»¡¡it¡¡takes¡¡considerable¡¡time¡¡to¡¡even¡¡approximate
a¡¡like¡¡result¡£
To¡¡confirm¡¡the¡¡chemical¡¡tests¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡employed
in¡¡the¡¡determination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡artificial¡¡aging¡¡of
ink¡¡marks£»¡¡photographs¡¡made¡¡by¡¡permitting¡¡light¡¡to
transmit¡¡through¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡and¡¡to¡¡interfere¡¡with¡¡its
rays¡¡by¡¡filtering¡¡them¡¡through¡¡a¡¡¡¨color¡¨¡¡screen¡¡containing
orange¡¡and¡¡some¡¡green£»¡¡will¡¡indicate¡¡the¡¡presence
of¡¡a¡¡fugitive¡¡substance¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ink£»¡¡usually¡¡the
¡¨added¡¨¡¡color¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡its¡¡manufacture¡£
The¡¡process¡¡of¡¡bleaching¡¡or¡¡¡¨removal¡¨¡¡of¡¡ink¡¡marks
from¡¡paper¡¡is¡¡frequently¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡attempted
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of¡¡others¡¡on¡¡monetary¡¡instruments£»¡¡commonly¡¡called
¡¨raising¡£¡¨¡¡Its¡¡purpose¡¡is¡¡usually¡¡a¡¡criminal¡¡one¡¡and
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chemistry¡¡are¡¡not¡¡out¡¡of¡¡place¡¡here¡£
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