forty centuries of ink-µÚ30²¿·Ö
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
maintaining¡¡a¡¡State¡¡standard¡¡for¡¡record¡¡ink£»¡¡which
they¡¡have¡¡approved¡£
¡¨The¡¡commendation¡¡by¡¡the¡¡chemists¡¡of¡¡some¡¡of
the¡¡so¡called¡¡writing¡¡fluids¡¡explains¡¡in¡¡a¡¡degree¡¡the
variety¡¡of¡¡opinions¡¡advanced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡manufacturers
in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡durability¡¡of¡¡fluids¡£¡¡Some¡¡of
them¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡to¡¡possess¡¡the¡¡qualities¡¡of¡¡ink£»
and¡¡the¡¡name¡¡fluid¡¡is¡¡evidently¡¡given¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡the
commercial¡¡demand¡¡for¡¡fluids¡£
¡¨Several¡¡persons£»¡¡manufacturers¡¡among¡¡them£»
expressed¡¡greater¡¡confidence¡¡in¡¡tests¡¡of¡¡exposure
of¡¡inks¡¡to¡¡the¡¡light¡¡and¡¡weather¡¡than¡¡to¡¡chemical
analysis¡£¡¡I£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡dry¡¡test£»¡¡placed¡¡on¡¡the
inside¡¡of¡¡a¡¡window¡¡pane¡¡receiving¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡light£»
writing¡¡made¡¡under¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡conditions
with¡¡each¡¡of¡¡sixty¡seven¡¡inks£»¡¡which¡¡remained
there¡¡from¡¡March¡¡13¡¡to¡¡December¡¡8¡£¡¡Similar
writing¡¡was¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡light¡¡and¡¡the¡¡weather¡¡from
September¡¡25¡¡to¡¡December¡¡8£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡the
resistance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inks¡¡in¡¡both¡¡tests¡¡is¡¡an¡¡almost¡¡exact
confirmation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡report¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chemists£»
inks¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡class¡¡varying¡¡in¡¡their¡¡resistance
according¡¡to¡¡their¡¡specific¡¡gravity¡¡or¡¡amount¡¡of
added¡¡color¡£
¡¨It¡¡may¡¡be¡¡safely¡¡said£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡that¡¡of¡¡sixty¡
seven¡¡inks¡¡of¡¡which¡¡I¡¡procured¡¡samples£»¡¡all¡¡but
seventeen¡¡are¡¡unsuitable¡¡for¡¡records£»¡¡and¡¡among
these¡¡the¡¡chemists¡¡say¡¡but¡¡one¡¡is¡¡fully¡¡up¡¡to¡¡the
established¡¡scientific¡¡standard¡¡of¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡iron
sulphate¡£¡¡The¡¡reason¡¡is¡¡plain£»the¡¡demand¡¡for
commercial¡¡inks¡¡is¡¡large£»¡¡for¡¡record£»¡¡small£»¡¡and¡¡the
supply¡¡has¡¡been¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡the¡¡demand¡£¡¨
The¡¡British¡¡government¡¡advertises¡¡for¡¡tenders¡¡each
year£»¡¡the¡¡requirements¡¡for¡¡black¡¡writing¡¡ink¡¡in¡¡1889
reads£º
¡¨To¡¡be¡¡made¡¡of¡¡Best¡¡Galls£»¡¡Sulphate¡¡of¡¡Iron£»
and¡¡Gum¡£¡¡The¡¡Sulphate¡¡of¡¡Iron¡¡not¡¡to¡¡exceed¡¡in
quantity¡¡one¡third¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Galls¡¡used£»
and¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡gravity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡matured¡¡Ink¡¡not¡¡to
exceed¡¡1045¡¡degrees¡¡£¨distilled¡¡water¡¡being¡¡1000¡¡degrees£©¡£¡¨
That¡¡of¡¡Black¡¡Copying¡¡Ink¡¡¡¨To¡¡be¡¡made¡¡of¡¡the¡¡above
materials£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡a¡¡strength¡¡one¡¡fourth¡¡greater
than¡¡the¡¡Writing¡¡Ink£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡the¡¡addition¡¡of
Sugar¡¡or¡¡Glycerine¡£¡¡The¡¡specific¡¡gravity¡¡of¡¡the
matured¡¡Ink¡¡not¡£¡¡to¡¡exceed¡¡1085¡¡degrees¡£¡¨¡¡And¡¡that¡¡of
Blue¡Black¡¡Writing¡¡Ink¡¡¡¨To¡¡be¡¡made¡¡of¡¡finest
Galls£»¡¡Sulphate¡¡of¡¡Iron£»¡¡Gum£»¡¡Indigo£»¡¡and¡¡Sulphuric
Acid¡£¡¡The¡¡specific¡¡gravity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ink¡¡when
matured¡¡not¡¡to¡¡exceed¡¡1035¡¡degrees¡£¡¨
Mr¡£¡¡Swan¡¡again¡¡remarks¡¡in¡¡his¡¡report¡¡of¡¡1892£º
¡¨Many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inks¡¡which¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be¡¡used
upon¡¡records¡¡are¡¡free¡¡flowing¡¡and¡¡more¡¡agreeable
to¡¡use¡¡than¡¡permanent¡¡inks£»¡¡containing¡¡more¡¡body¡£
As¡¡long¡¡as¡¡recording¡¡and¡¡copying¡¡is¡¡paid¡¡for¡¡by
the¡¡page£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡object¡¡is¡¡to¡¡accomplish¡¡the¡¡most
in¡¡the¡¡least¡¡time£»¡¡these¡¡inks¡¡will¡¡be¡¡in¡¡popular¡¡use£»
and¡¡used£»¡¡and¡¡blotted¡¡off¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡before¡¡they
have¡¡much¡¡more¡¡than¡¡colored¡¡it£»¡¡only¡¡to¡¡disappear
eventually¡£¡¡The¡¡State¡¡should¡¡set¡¡a¡¡standard¡¡for¡¡a
record¡¡ink£»¡¡and£»¡¡while¡¡our¡¡present¡¡system¡¡of¡¡keeping
records¡¡and¡¡furnishing¡¡supplies¡¡will¡¡not¡¡allow
that¡¡its¡¡use¡¡be¡¡required¡¡on¡¡all¡¡public¡¡records£»¡¡as¡¡in
England£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡practicable¡¡for¡¡the¡¡secretary
of¡¡the¡¡Commonwealth¡¡to¡¡advertise¡¡for¡¡proposals
for¡¡inks¡¡of¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡standard£»¡¡which¡¡the
manufacturers¡¡should¡¡be¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡maintain£»¡¡and
that¡¡these¡¡should¡¡be¡¡used¡¡in¡¡all¡¡the¡¡State¡¡offices¡£
With¡¡a¡¡State¡¡standard¡¡ink¡¡adopted£»¡¡its¡¡use¡¡by
recording¡¡officers¡¡would¡¡soon¡¡follow¡£¡¨
In¡¡1894¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Swan's¡¡indefatigable¡¡efforts¡¡were
crowned¡¡with¡¡success£»¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡Massachusetts
adopting¡¡his¡¡recommendations¡¡included¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following
act£º
¡¨SECTION¡¡1¡£¡¡No¡¡person¡¡having¡¡the¡¡care¡¡or¡¡custody
of¡¡any¡¡book¡¡of¡¡record¡¡or¡¡registry¡¡in¡¡any¡¡of
the¡¡departments¡¡or¡¡offices¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Commonwealth
shall¡¡use¡¡or¡¡allow¡¡to¡¡be¡¡used¡¡upon¡¡such¡¡books¡¡any
ink¡¡excepting¡¡such¡¡as¡¡is¡¡furnished¡¡by¡¡the¡¡secretary
of¡¡the¡¡Commonwealth¡£
¡¨SECTION¡¡2¡£¡¡The¡¡secretary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Commonwealth
shall¡¡from¡¡time¡¡to¡¡time¡¡advertise¡¡for¡¡proposals
to¡¡furnish¡¡the¡¡several¡¡departments¡¡and¡¡offices
of¡¡the¡¡Commonwealth¡¡in¡¡which¡¡books¡¡of¡¡record¡¡or
registry¡¡are¡¡kept¡¡with¡¡ink¡¡of¡¡a¡¡standard¡¡and¡¡upon
conditions¡¡to¡¡be¡¡established¡¡by¡¡the¡¡secretary¡¡at
such¡¡periods¡¡and¡¡in¡¡such¡¡quantities¡¡as¡¡may¡¡be¡¡required£»
and¡¡may¡¡contract¡¡for¡¡the¡¡same¡£
¡¨SECTION¡¡3¡£¡¡The¡¡ink¡¡so¡¡furnished¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡examined
from¡¡time¡¡to¡¡time¡¡by¡¡a¡¡chemist¡¡to¡¡be
designated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡secretary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Commonwealth£»
and¡¡if¡¡at¡¡any¡¡time¡¡said¡¡ink¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡found¡¡to¡¡be
inferior¡¡to¡¡the¡¡established¡¡standard¡¡the¡¡secretary
shall¡¡have¡¡authority¡¡to¡¡cancel¡¡any¡¡contract¡¡made
for¡¡furnishing¡¡said¡¡ink£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡so¡¡found
inferior¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡be¡¡paid¡¡for¡£¡¨
Professor¡¡Markoe£»¡¡referred¡¡to¡¡before£»¡¡was¡¡appointed
¡¨chemist¡¨¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Commonwealth
and¡¡prepared¡¡what¡¡he¡¡considered¡¡the¡¡best¡¡formula£»¡¡for
a¡¡standard¡¡ink£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡competed¡¡for¡¡by¡¡a¡¡number
of¡¡ink¡¡manufacturers¡¡after¡¡proper¡¡advertisement£»¡¡and
a¡¡contract¡¡awarded¡£¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Swan¡¡says¡¡that¡¡this¡¡departure
was¡¡received¡¡with¡¡favor¡¡by¡¡recording¡¡officers¡£
No¡¡change¡¡was¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡formula¡¡until¡¡after¡¡the
death¡¡of¡¡Professor¡¡Markoe¡¡in¡¡1900£»¡¡when¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Bennett
F¡£¡¡Davenport¡¡of¡¡Boston¡¡was¡¡selected¡¡as¡¡his¡¡successor¡£
He¡¡submitted¡¡a¡¡modified¡¡formula¡¡to¡¡be¡¡employed¡¡in
the¡¡manufacture¡¡of¡¡an¡¡official¡¡or¡¡standard¡¡ink¡£¡¡It
was¡¡adopted¡¡and¡¡such¡¡an¡¡ink¡¡is¡¡without¡¡exception¡¡now
used¡¡by¡¡all¡¡recording¡¡officers¡¡of¡¡both¡¡Massachusetts
and¡¡Connecticut¡£
In¡¡1901¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡treasury¡¡department
adopted¡¡a¡¡similar¡¡ink¡¡except¡¡that¡¡it¡¡permitted¡¡the
introduction¡¡into¡¡it¡¡of¡¡an¡¡unnamed¡¡blue¡¡coloring
material¡£
Early¡¡in¡¡1894¡¡and¡¡during¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡session¡¡of
the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡New¡¡York£»¡¡after¡¡consultation¡¡with¡¡General
Palmer£»¡¡the¡¡then¡¡secretary¡¡of¡¡state£»¡¡I¡¡prepared¡¡a
bill¡¡somewhat¡¡on¡¡the¡¡lines¡¡as¡¡laid¡¡down¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Massachusetts
statute¡£¡¡The¡¡press¡¡all¡¡over¡¡the¡¡state¡¡at¡¡once
took¡¡up¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡and¡¡urged¡¡that¡¡some¡¡such¡¡measure
should¡¡be¡¡enacted¡¡into¡¡law¡£¡¡A¡¡New¡¡York¡¡City¡¡newspaper
discussed¡¡it¡¡as¡¡follows£º
¡¨A¡¡bill¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡introduced¡¡in¡¡the¡¡legislature
this¡¡week£»¡¡probably¡¡to¡morrow¡¡night£»¡¡providing¡¡for
an¡¡official¡¡ink¡¡to¡¡be¡¡used¡¡by¡¡every¡¡public¡¡officer
throughout¡¡the¡¡State¡¡of¡¡New¡¡York¡¡in¡¡the¡¡writing
of¡¡public¡¡documents¡¡and¡¡in¡¡making¡¡entries¡¡in¡¡the¡¡records¡£
¡¨The¡¡official¡¡ink¡¡is¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡making
public¡¡records¡¡permanent¡¡and¡¡to¡¡guard¡¡against
fraud¡¡by¡¡the¡¡alteration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡records¡£¡¡As¡¡the
law¡¡stands¡¡at¡¡the¡¡present¡¡time¡¡in¡¡the¡¡state¡¡every
official£»¡¡whether¡¡municipal£»¡¡county¡¡or¡¡state£»¡¡is
allowed¡¡to¡¡purchase¡¡and¡¡use¡¡for¡¡the¡¡records¡¡of¡¡his
office¡¡whatever¡¡ink¡¡he¡¡may¡¡choose¡£¡¡The¡¡consequence
is¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡uniformity¡¡in¡¡public
records¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡and¡¡entries£»¡¡transcripts
and¡¡certificates¡¡are¡¡written¡¡with¡¡hundreds
of¡¡various¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡inks¡£
¡¨The¡¡serious¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡business£»¡¡however£»¡¡is
the¡¡evanescent¡¡character¡¡of¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kinds¡¡now
used£»¡¡especially¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cheaper¡¡grades¡£¡¡These¡¡are
the¡¡inks¡¡made¡¡from¡¡aniline¡¡and¡¡other¡¡dyes¡¡which
are¡¡held¡¡in¡¡solution¡¡in¡¡water¡£¡¡Such¡¡inks¡¡are¡¡made
from¡¡a¡¡fine£»¡¡cheap¡¡powder£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡nigrosine¡¡is
used¡¡in¡¡making¡¡black¡¡inks£»¡¡eosine¡¡for¡¡red£»¡¡and
methylene¡¡for¡¡blue¡¡ink£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡cost¡¡only¡¡a¡¡few
dimes¡¡a¡¡gallon¡¡to¡¡manufacture¡£¡¡The¡¡writing¡¡made
with¡¡such¡¡inks¡¡quickly¡¡dries¡¡by¡¡the¡¡evaporation¡¡of
the¡¡water£»¡¡when¡¡it¡¡merely¡¡requires¡¡the¡¡application
of¡¡a¡¡little¡¡soap¡¡and¡¡water¡¡to¡¡wash¡¡them¡¡out£»¡¡leaving
the¡¡paper¡¡absolutely¡¡clean£»¡¡besides¡¡being¡¡fugitive¡£
¡¨It¡¡is¡¡said¡¡that¡¡as¡¡a¡¡result¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡lack
of¡¡system¡¡in¡¡this¡¡matter¡¡there¡¡are¡¡now¡¡public¡¡records
of¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡New¡¡York¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡ink¡¡has
entirely¡¡faded¡£¡¡These¡¡records¡¡have¡¡been¡¡made
within¡¡the¡¡past¡¡forty¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡now¡¡worthless
because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inks¡¡originally¡¡used¡£
¡¨In¡¡the¡¡Police¡¡department¡¡of¡¡this¡¡city¡¡a¡¡blue
ink¡¡is¡¡often¡¡used¡¡which¡¡is¡¡made¡¡from¡¡prussian
blue¡£¡¡A¡¡large¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡entries¡¡in¡¡the¡¡books
of¡¡the¡¡Police¡¡department¡¡are¡¡made¡¡with¡¡ink¡¡of¡¡this
kind£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡warrants¡¡and¡¡other¡¡public¡¡documents
with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡police¡¡have¡¡to¡¡do¡¡are¡¡similarly¡¡written¡£
¡¨A¡¡little¡¡soap¡¡and¡¡water¡¡will¡¡wipe¡¡out¡¡this¡¡writing£»
so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡record¡¡can¡¡be¡¡easily¡¡altered¡¡at¡¡any
time¡£¡¡The¡¡use¡¡of¡¡this¡¡ink¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Police¡¡department
is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡date¡¡from¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Tweed£»¡¡which
is¡¡significant¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡¡purpose¡¡for¡¡which¡¡it¡£
was¡¡adopted¡£
¡¨A¡¡permanent¡¡writing¡¡fluid¡¡such¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡now
proposed¡¡to¡¡adopt¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡state¡¡would¡¡not
only¡¡secure¡¡uniformity¡¡in¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inks
used£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡would¡¡also¡¡throw¡¡many¡¡obstacles¡¡in
the¡¡way¡¡of¡¡altering¡¡the¡¡records¡£
¡¨The¡¡present¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡State¡¡is¡¡heartily¡¡in
accord¡¡with¡¡the¡¡proposed¡¡legislation¡£¡¡He¡¡was
seen¡¡last¡¡week¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡David¡¡N¡£¡¡Carvalho£»¡¡who
has¡¡made¡¡a¡¡life¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡and¡¡who¡¡drew
the¡¡bill¡¡and¡¡is¡¡pushing¡¡the¡¡reform¡£
¡¨Mr¡£¡¡Carvalho¡¡said¡¡yesterday£º¡¡'This¡¡ink£»¡¡whose
use¡¡it¡¡is¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡in¡¡the¡¡making¡¡of¡¡public
records¡¡in¡¡this¡¡state£»¡¡is¡¡more¡¡costly¡¡than¡¡those
made¡¡from¡¡aniline¡¡and¡¡other¡¡dyes£»¡¡which¡¡fade¡¡and
wash¡£¡¡In¡¡it¡¡the¡¡black¡¡particles¡¡are¡¡suspended¡¡in
water¡¡by¡¡the¡¡addit