the origins of contemporary france-5-第95部分

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legitimate　ambition；　in　short；　the　small　patrimony　whose　instinctive

cult　forms　the　first　step　out　of　egoism　and　a　march　onward　toward

thoughtful　devotion　to　the　large　patrimony。　Cut　apart　by　geometrical

shears；　and　designated　by　an　entirely　new　geographical　term；　small

sections　of　the　province　became　so　many　factitious　agglomerations　of

juxtaposed　inhabitants；　human　assemblages　without　any　soul；　and；　for

twenty　years；　the　legislator　fails　to　communicate　to　them　that

semblance　of　spirit；　the　judicial　quality　of　which　it　disposes；　it　is

only　after　1811　that　the　departments　arrive　at　civil　proprietorship

and　personality：　this　dignity；　besides；　the　State　confers　only　to

disburden　itself　and　to　burden　them；　to　impose　expenses　on　them　which

hardly　concern　them　but　which　do　concern　it；　to　compel　them　in　its

place　to　support　the　costly　maintenance　of　its　prisons；　police

quarters；　courts　of　justice；　and　prefectorial　mansions；　even　at　this

late　date；　they　are　not　yet；　in　the　eyes　of　jurisconsults　or　before

the　Council　of　State；　incontestable　proprietors　and　complete

personalities；＇53＇　they　are　not　to　be　fully　qualified　in　this　sense

until　the　law　of　1838。



Local　society；　accordingly；　proves　abortive　over　the　whole　27；000

square　leagues　of　territory；　it　is　simply　a　legal　figment；　an

artificial　grouping　together　of　neighbors　who　do　not　find　themselves

bound　and　incorporated　together　by　neighborhood；　in　order　that　their

society　might　become　viable　and　stimulating　would　require　both　commune

and　department　to　have　in　mind　and　at　heart　the　following　idea；　which

they　no　longer　entertained：



〃We　are　all　aboard　the　same　ship；　it　is　ours　and　we　are　its　crew。　We

are　here　to　manage　it　ourselves；　with　our　own　hands；　each　according　to

his　rank　and　position；　each　taking　his　part；　little　or　big；　in　doing

his　own　work。〃



_____________________________________________________________________



Notes：



＇1＇　My　understanding；　today　in　1999；　that　all　people　other　animals　by

nature　are　'built'　as　egoists；　that　is　to　look　out　for　themselves；　to

preserve　their　life；　protect　their　property　and　family。　As　far　as　the

social　（or　gregarious）　instincts　are　concerned　then　there　are　several

which　manifest　themselves　in　the　correct　and　timely　order　during　our

entire　existence。　Some　will　regulate　falling　in　love；　others

procreation；　others　relationship　between　man　and　woman；　others　between

parents　and　children；　at　yet　others　the　group　and　its　choice　and

submission　to　a　leader。　One　of　the　results　is　that　everyone　wants　to

be　important　and　accepted；　another　that　a　mob　has　drives　or　instincts

which　may　galvanize　it　into　compassion；　anger；　fear　and　action。　To

this　must　be　added　that　all　people　can　remember；　not　only　what　they

have　tried；　but　also　what　they　have　seen　or　heard　about。　They　also

tend　to　imagine　that　others　react　in　the　same　way　as　they　themselves

do。　This　allows　them　to　look　ahead　and　imagine　various　possible

scenarios。　They　are　also　aware　of　how　they　would　want　to　be　dealt　with

by　others。　（SR。）



＇2＇　That　is　what　has　happened　during　communism　where　men　worked　as

little　as　possible　since　the　principle　of　equality　made　most　effort

rest　without　reward。



＇3＇　　The　so…called　〃Centimes　additionels〃　was　an　increase　in　certain

taxes　to　be　paid　to　the　communes　and　departments。



＇4＇　Rocquain；　〃L'état　de　la　France　au　18　Brumaire〃　（report　by

Fourcroy；　pp。　138；　166）〃：　A　sack　of　wheat　worth　18　francs　at　Nantes

costs　an　equal　sum　for　its　cartage　to　Brest。　I　have　seen　carters

plodding　along；　seven　or　eight　in　a　line；　each　with　six　or　eight

strong　horses　dragging　their　vehicles　and　alternately　helping　each

other；　their　horses　hauling　their　carts　out　of　ruts　into　which　they

had　got　stuck　。　。　。　In　many　places；　I　was　grieved　to　see　carts　and

wagons　leaving　the　high…road　and　traversing；　in　spaces　from　100　to　200

yards　wide；　the　plowed　ground；　when　each　made　his　own　road　。　。　。　。　The

carters　sometimes　make　only　three　or　four　leagues　from　morning　to

night。〃　…　Hence；　a　dearth　of　provisions　at　Brest。　〃We　are　assured　that

the　people　have　long　been　on　half…rations；　or　even　quarter　rations。〃　…

And　yet；　〃　There　is　now　in　the　river；　at　Nantes；　from　four　to　five

hundred　boats　loaded　with　grain；　they　have　been　there　for　months；　and

their　number　increases　daily。　Their　cargoes　are　deteriorating　and

becoming　damaged。〃



＇5＇　Ibid。；　preface　and　summary；　p。41　（on　the　dikes　and　works　of

protection　against　inundations　at　Dol　in　Brittany；　at　Fréjus；　in

Camargue；　in　Lower　Rhine；　in　Nord；　in　Pas…de…Calais；　at　Ostende　and

Blankenberg；　at　Rochefort；　at　La　Rochelle；　etc。）。　At　Blankenberg；　a

gale　sufficed　to　carry　away　the　dike　and　let　in　the　sea。　〃The　dread　of

some　disaster　which　would　ruin　a　large　portion　of　the　departments　of

the　Lys　and　of　the　Escaut　kept　the　inhabitants　constantly　in　a　state

of　frightful　anxiety。〃



＇6＇　Hence　the　additional　centimes　to　the　tax　on　doors　and　windows；　the

number　of　which　indicates　approximately　the　value　of　the　rent。　Hence

also　the　additional　centimes　to　the　personal　tax；　which　is

proportionate　to　the　rent；　this　being　considered　as　the　most　exact

indication　of　domestic　expenditure。



＇7＇　Hence　the　communal　〃additional　centimes〃　to　the　tax　on　business

licenses。



＇8＇　Hence　the　〃　additional　centimes〃　to　the　land　tax。



＇9＇　Today；　in　1999；　we　may　in　Denmark　observe　how　the　contemporary

oligarchy　of　non…violent　Jacobins；　have　transformed　the　local

authorities　into　tools　of　the　central　government　which　through　an　all

permeating　administration；　has　replaced　the　authority　of　the　father

and　the　solidarity　of　the　family　with　a　communal　care　and

supervision。（SR。）。



＇10＇　Syndicates　of　this　kind　are　instituted　by　the　law　of　June　25；

1865；　〃between　proprietors　interested　in　the　execution　and　maintenance

of　public　works：　1st；　Protection　against　the　sea；　inundations；

torrents；　and　navigable　or　non…navigable　rivers；　2d；　Works　in

deepening；　repairing；　and　regulating　canals　and　non…navigable　water…

courses；　and　ditches　for　draining　and　irrigation；　3d；　Works　for　the

drainage　of　marshes；　4th；　Locks　and　other　provisions　necessary　in

working　salt　marshes；　5th；　Drainage　of　wet　and　unhealthy　ground。〃　…

〃Proprietors　interested　in　the　execution　of　the　above…mentioned　works

may　unite　in　an　authorized　syndical　company；　either　on　the　demand　of

one　or　of　several　among　them；　or　on　the　initiative　of　the　prefect。〃　…

（Instead　of　authorized；　we　must　read　forced；　and　we　then　find　that　the

association　may　be　imposed　on　all　interested　parties；　on　the　demand　of

one　alone；　or　even　without　any　one's　demand。）　…　Like　the　Annecy

building；　these　syndicates　enable　one　to　reach　the　fundamental　element

of　local　society。　Cf。　the　law　of　September　26；　1807　（on　the　drainage

of　marshes）；　and　the　law　of　April　21；　1810　（on　mines　and　the　two

owners　of　the　mine；　one　of　the　surface　and　the　other　of　the　subsoil；

both　likewise　partners；　and　no　less　forcibly　so　through　physical

solidarity。）



＇11＇　See　〃The　Revolution；〃　vol。　I。；　passim。　（Ed。　Laff。　I。　pp。　315…

445）。



＇12＇　Two　kinds　of　police　must　be　distinguished　one　from　the　other。　The

first　is　general　and　belongs　to　the　State：　its　business　is　to　repress

and　prevent；　outside　and　inside；　all　aggression　against　private　and

public　property。　The　second　is　municipal；　and　belongs　to　the　local

society：　its　business　is　to　see　to　the　proper　use　of　the　public　roads；

and　other　matters；　which；　like　water；　air；　and　light；　are　enjoyed　in

common；　it　undertakes；　also；　to　forestall　the　risks　and　dangers　of

imprudence；　negligence；　and　filth；　which　any　aggregation　of　men　never

fails　to　engender。　　The　provinces　of　these　two　police　forces　join　and

penetrate　each　other　at　many　points；　hence；　each　of　the　two　is　the

auxiliary；　and；　if　need　be；　the　substitute　of　the　other。



＇13＇　Rocquain；　〃l'état　de　la　France　au　18　Brumaire；〃　passim。



＇14＇　Raynouard；　〃Histoire　du　droit　municipal；〃II。；　356；　and　Dareste；

〃Histoire　de　l'administration　en　France；〃　I。；　209；　222。　　（Creation　of

the　posts　of　municipal　mayor　and　assessors　by　the　king；　in　1692；　for　a

money　consideration。）　〃These　offices　were　obtained　by　individuals；

along　with　hereditary　title；　now　attached　to　communities；　that　is　to

say；　bought　in　by　these；〃　which　put　in　their　possession　the　right　of

election。　…　The　king　frequently　took　back　these　offices　which　he　had

sold；　and　sold　them　over　again。　　In　1771；　especially；　he　takes　them

back；　and；　it　seems；　to　keep　them　forever；　but　he　always　reserves　the

right　of　alienating　them　for　money。　　For　example　（Augustin　Thierry；

〃Documens　sur　l'histoire　du　tiers　état；〃　III。；　319）；　an　act　of　the

royal　council；　dated　October　1；　1772；　accepts　70；000　francs　from　the

town　of　Amiens　for　the　repurchase　of　the　installment　of　its

magistracies；　and　defining　these　magistracies；　as　well　as　the　mode　of

election　according　to　which　the　future　incumbents　shall　be　appointed。

Provence　frequent