the origins of contemporary france-5-第86部分

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30；000；　of　which　only　1；200　are　in　civil　careers。　At　the　présent　time；

December　1；　1888　（documents　furnished　by　the　records　of　the　Légion

d'honneur）；　there　are　52。915　decorated　persons；　of　which　31；757　are

soldiers　and　21；158　civilians。　Under　the　empire　there　was　in　all　1

cross　to　every　750　Frenchmen；　at　that　time；　out　of　50　crosses　there

were　2　for　civil　services；　while　in　our　day　there　are　nearly　20。　（QUID

informs　us　that　on　30…11…1994　the　strength　amounted　to　207；390

persons。　SR。）



＇49＇　Edmond　Blanc；　ibid。；　276…299；　325　and　326。　（List　of　titles　of

prince　and　duke　conferred　by　the　emperor；　and　of　gifts　of　100；000

francs　rental　or　of　above　that　sum。）



＇50＇　Mathieu　Dumas；　〃Mémoires；〃　III。；　363。



＇51＇　Napoleon；　〃Mémoires。〃



＇52＇　Compare　with　the　Brothers　Grimm's　fairytale：　〃The　Fisherman　and

his　Wife。〃



＇53＇　Thiers；　〃Histoire　du　Consulat　et　de　l'Empire；〃　V。　III。；　p。　210。



＇54＇　Thiers；　ibid。；　　p。195　（October　1806）。　Napoleon；　in　one　of　his

bulletins；　had　mentioned　Murat's　cavalry　alone；　omitting　to　mention

the　infantry　of　Lannes；　which　behaved　as　well。　Lannes；　disappointed；

did　not　dare　read　this　bulletin　to　his　men；　and　spoke　to　the　emperor

about　it。　'What　reward　can　they　look　for　if　they　don't　find　their

names　published　by　the　hundred…tongued　voice　of　Fame　which　is　under

your　control！〃　Napoleon　replies：　〃You　and　your　men　are　children　…

glory　enough　for　all！　。　。　。　One　of　these　days　your　turn　will　come　in

the　bulletins　of　the　grand　army。〃　Lannes　reads　this　to　his　troops　on

the　great　square　of　Stettin　and　it　is　received　with　outbursts　of

enthusiasm。



＇55＇　Madame　de　Rémusat。　III。；　129。



＇56＇　The　Revolution；〃　pp。　356…358。　（Laff。　I。　pp。　825…826。）　…　Marmont；

〃Mémoires；〃　I。　122。　（Letter　to　his　mother；　January　12；　1795。）　〃Behold

your　son　zealously　fulfilling　his　duties；　deserving　of　his　country　and

serving　the　republic。　。　。　。　We　should　not　be　worthy　of　liberty　if　we

did　nothing　to　obtain　it。〃



＇57＇　Compare　the　〃Journal　du　sergent　Fricasse；〃　and　〃les　Cahiers　du

capitaine　Coignet。〃　Fricasse　is　a　volunteer　who　enlists　in　the　defence

of　the　country；　Coignet　is　a　conscript　ambitious　of　　distinguishing

himself；　and　he　says　to　his　masters：　〃I　promise　to　come　back　with　the

fusil　d'honneur　or　I　shall　be　dead。〃



＇58＇　Marmont；　I。；　186；　282；　296。　（In　Italy；　1796。）　〃At　this　epoch；　our

ambition　was　quite　secondary；　we　were　solely　concerned　about　our

duties　and　amusements。　The　frankest　and　most　cordial　union　existed

amongst　us　all。　。　。　。　No　sentiment　of　envy；　no　low　passion　found　room

in　our　breasts。　（Then）　what　excitement；　what　grandeur；　what　hopes　and

what　gayety！　。　。　。　Each　had　a　presentiment　of　an　illimitable　future

and　yet　entertained　no　idea　of　personal　ambition　or　calculation。〃　…

George　Sand；　〃Histoire　de　ma　vie。〃　（Correspondence　of　her　father；

Commander　Dupin。）　…　Stendhal；　〃Vie　de　Napoléon。〃　〃At　this　epoch

（1796）；　nobody　in　the　army　had　any　ambition。　I　have　known　officers　to

refuse　promotion　so　as　not　to　quit　their　regiment　or　their　mistress。



＇59＇　Roederer；　III。；　556。　（Burgos；　April　9；　1809；　conversation　with

General　Lasalle　written　down　the　same　evening。）　〃　You　pass　through

Paris？〃　〃Yes；　it's　the　shortest　way。　I　shall　get　there　at　five　in　the

morning；　I　shall　order　a　pair　of　boots；　get　my　wife　with　child　and

then　leave　for　Germany。〃　…　Roederer　remarks　to　him　that　one　risks

one's　life　and　fights　for　the　sake　of　promotion　and　to　profit　by

rising　in　the　world。　〃No；　not　at　all。　One　takes　pleasure　in　it。　One

enjoys　fighting；　it　is　pleasure　enough　in　itself　to　fight！　You　are　in

the　midst　of　the　uproar；　of　the　action；　of　the　smoke。　And　then；　on

acquiring　reputation　you　have　had　the　fun　of　making　it。　When　you　have

got　your　fortune　you　know　that　your　wife　and　children　won't　suffer。

That　is　enough。　As　for　myself；　I　could　die　to…morrow。〃　（The　details　of

this　conversation　are　admirable；　no　document　gives　a　better　idea　of

the　officer　of　the　epoch。）



＇60＇　Compare　with　the　idea　of　an　ideal　Chaver　（kibbutznik）。：　Melford

E。　Spiro；　　wrote　〃Kibbutz。　Venture　in　Utopia。〃　60　and　described　how

the　Israeli　kibbutzim　as　early　as　1917　wanted　the　ideal　kibbutzim　to

be：



Loyal　to　his　people

A　brother　to　his　fellows

A　man　of　truth

A　helpful　and　dependable　brother

A　lover　of　nature

Obedient　to　the　orders　of　his　leaders

Joyful　and　gay

Economical　and　generous

A　man　of　courage

Pure　in　thoughts；　words；　and　deeds　　（opposition　to　drinking；　smoking

and　sexual　relationships）。



＇61＇　Balzac　has　closely　studied　and　admirably　portrayed　this　type　in　a

〃Ménage　de　Gar？on。〃　…　See　other　similar　characters　in　Mérimée　（〃Les

Mécontens；〃　and　〃les　Espagnols　en　Danemark〃）；　in　Stendhal　（〃le

Chasseur　vert〃）。　I　knew　five　or　six　of　them　in　my　youth。



＇62＇　Words　of　Marshal　Marmont：　〃So　long　as　he　declared　'Everything　for

France；'　I　served　him　enthusiastically；　when　he　said；　'France　and

myself'　I　served　him　zealously；　when　he　said；　'myself　and　France；'　I

served　him　with　devotion。　It　is　only　when　he　said；　'Myself　without

France；'　that　I　left　him。〃



＇63＇　An　expression　found　by　Joseph　de　Maistre。



＇64＇　An　expression　heard　by　Mickiewicz　in　his　childhood。



＇65＇　These　sums　are　given；　the　former　by　Mérimée　and　the　latter　by

Sainte…　Beuve。



＇66＇　M。　de　Champagny　〃Souvenirs；〃　III。；　183。　Napoleon；　passing　his

marshals　in　review；　said　to　him　（1811）：　〃None　of　them　can　take　my

place　in　the　command　of　my　armies；　some　are　without　the　talent；　and

others　would　carry　on　war　for　their　own　benefit。　Didn't　that　burly

Soult　want　to　be　king　of　Portugal？〃　〃Well；　sire；　war　need　not　be

carried　on　any　longer。〃　〃Yes；　but　how　maintain　my　army？　And　I　must

have　an　army。〃



＇67＇　〃Souvenirs〃；　by　PASQUIER　（Etienne…Dennis；　duc）；　chancelier　de

France。　in　VI　volumes；　Librarie　Plon；　　Paris　1893。　IV。；　112。

（According　to　the　papers　of　Savary；　many　of　Napoleon's　letters　and

statements　by　M。　de　Saint…Aignan。）



＇68＇　〃Mémorial；〃　Aug。26；　1816。



＇69＇　　The　driving　motor　of　unlimited　capitalism　as　well；　a　driving

force　only　to　be　tempered　by　the　law　and　by　a　desire　for　social

admiration　of　different　kinds。　（SR。）



＇70＇　〃Travels　in　France　during　the　years　1814　and　1815。〃　（Edinburgh；

1816；　2　vols。）　…　The　author；　a　very　good　observer；　thus　sums　up　the

principle　of　the　system：　〃To　give　active　employment　to　all　men　of

talent　and　enterprise。〃　There　is　no　other　condition：　〃Birth；

education；　moral　character　were　completely　set　aside。〃　…　Hence　the

general　defect　of　the　system。　〃The　French　have　literally　no　idea　of

any　duties　which　they　must　voluntarily；　without　the　prospect　of

reward；　undertake　for　their　country。　It　never　enters　their　heads　that

a　man　may　be　responsible　for　the　neglect　of　those　public　duties　for

the　performance　of　which　he　receives　no　regular　salary。〃







BOOK　FOURTH。　Defect　and　Effects　of　the　System。



CHAPTER　I。　Local　Society。





I。　Human　Incentives。



The　two　Stimuli　of　human　action。　…　The　egoistic　instinct　and　the

social　instinct。　…　Motives　for　not　weakening　the　social　instinct。　…

Influence　on　society　of　the　law　it　prescribes。　…　The　clauses　of　a

statute　depend　on　the　legislator　who　adopts　or　imposes　them。　…

Conditions　of　a　good　statute。　…　It　favors　the　social　instinct。　…

Different　for　different　societies。　…　Determined　by　the　peculiar　and

permanent　traits　of　the　society　it　governs。　…　Capital　defect　of　the

statute　under　the　new　régime。



So　long　as　a　man　takes　an　interest　only　in　himself；　in　his　own

fortune；　in　his　own　advancement；　in　his　own　success；　his　interests　are

trivial：　all　that　is；　like　himself；　of　little　importance　and　of　short

duration。　Alongside　of　the　small　boat　which　he　steers　so　carefully

there　are　thousands　and　millions　of　others　of　like　it；　none　of　them

are　worth　much；　and　his　own　is　not　worth　more。　However　well　he　may

have　provisioned　and　sailed　it；　it　will　always　remain　what　it　is；

slight　and　fragile；　in　vain　will　he　hoist　his　flags；　decorate　it；　and

shove　ahead　to　get　the　first　place；　in　three　steps　he　has　reached　its

length。　However　well　he　handles　and　maintains　it；　in　a　few　years　it

leaks；　sooner　or　later　it　crumbles　and　sinks；　and　with　it　goes　all　his

effort。　Is　it　reasonable　to　work　so　hard　for　this；　and　is　so　slight　an

object　worth　so　great　an　effort？



Fortunately；　man　has；　for　a　better　placement　of　his　effort；　other

aims；　more　vast　and　more　substantial：　a　family；　a　commune；　a　church；　a

country；　all　the　associations　of　which　he　is　or　becomes　a　member；　all

the　collective　undertakings　in　behalf　of　science；　education；　and

charity；　of　local　or　general　utility；　most　of　them　provided　with　legal

statutes　and　organized　as　corporations　or　even　as　a　legal　entity。　They

are　as　well　defined　and　protected　as　he　is；　but　more　precious　and　more

viable：　for　they　are　of　service　to　a　large　number　of　men　and　last　for

ever。　Some；　even；　have　a　secular　history；　and　their　age　predicts　their

longevity。　In　th