the origins of contemporary france-5-第84部分

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interior；　also　by　feeling　his　way　with　the　foreign　sovereigns　while

the　latter；　in　the　absence　of　Napoleon；　by　〃singular　efforts〃　and

〃assiduities〃　beforehand　with　Marie　Louise　thinks　of　taking　the　place

of　the　falling　emperor。＇67＇　　Prince　Eugene　alone；　or　almost　alone；

among　the　great　personalities　of　the　reign；　is　really　loyal；　his

loyalty　remaining　always　intact　exempt　from　concealed　motives　and

above　suspicion。　Everywhere　else；　the　coming　crash　or　sinister　rumors

are　heard　or　anticipated；　alarm　descends　from　high　places；　spreads

through　the　army　and　echoes　along　the　lines　of　the　lowest　ranks。　In

1815；　the　soldier　has　full　confidence　in　himself　and　in　Napoleon；　〃but

he　is　moody；　distrustful　of　his　other　leaders。　。　。　。　Every　march

incomprehensible　to　him　makes　him　uneasy　and　he　thinks　himself

betrayed。〃＇68＇　　At　Waterloo；　dragoons　that　pass　him　with　their　swords

drawn　and　old　corporals　shout　to　the　Emperor　that　Soult　and　Vandamme；

who　are　at　this　moment　about　going　into　battle；　are　haranguing　their

troops　against　him　or　deserting　him；　that　General　Dhénin；　who　has

repulsed　a　charge　of　the　enemy　and　whose　thigh　is　fractured　by　a

cannon…ball；　has　just　passed　over　to　the　enemy。　The　mechanism　which；

for　fifteen　years；　has　worked　so　well；　breaks　down　of　itself　through

its　own　action；　its　cog…wheels　have　got　out　of　gear；　cracks　show

themselves　in　the　metal　which　seemed　so　sound；　the　divinations　of

popular　instinct　verify　this；　the　exaggerations　of　the　popular

imagination　expand　it　and　suddenly　the　whole　machine　rattles　down　to

the　ground。



All　this　is　due　to　Napoleon　having　introduced　into　it　the　craving　for

success　as　central　motor；　as　the　universal　main…spring；　unscrupulous

ambition；　in　short；　a　crude　egoism；　and　in　the　first　place　his　own

egoism；　＇69＇　and　this　incentive；　strained　to　excess；＇70＇　puts　the

machine　out　of　order　and　then　ruins　it。　After　him；　under　his

successors；　the　same　machinery　is　to　work　in　the　same　manner；　and

break　down　in　the　same　way；　at　the　expiration　of　a　more　or　less

extensive　period。　Thus　far；　the　longest　of　these　periods　has　lasted

less　than　twenty　years。



_____________________________________________________________________



Notes：





＇1＇　Most　of　the　French　provinces　down　to　the　time　of　Richelieu　still

possessed　a　special　representative　body　which　consented　to　and　levied

the　taxes；　most　of　these　bodies　were　supported　by　the　all…powerful

minister　and　replaced　by　intendants　who；　from　that　time　on；

administered；　or　rather　exhausted；　the　country；　divided　into　thirty…

two　generalities。　A　few　provinces；　however；　Brittany；　Burgundy；

Languedoc；　a　part　of　Provence；　Flanders；　Artois；　and　some　small

districts　in　the　Pyrenees　kept　their　old　representative　body　and　were

called　pays　d'état；　whilst　other　provinces　were　designated；　by　a

strange　abuse　of　language；　under　the　name　of　pays　d'élection。〃

（Translated　from〃　Madame　de　Sta？l　et　son　Temps；〃　vol。　I。；　p。　38。）　TR。



＇2＇　Cf。　on　the　antiquity　of　this　sort　of　mind；　evident　from　the

beginning　of　society　and　of　French　literature；　my　〃History　of　English

Literature；〃　vol。　I。；　and　〃La　Fontaine　et　ses　fables；〃　pp。10　to　13。



＇3＇　In　relation　to　this　sentiment；　read　La　Fontaine's　fable　of　〃The

Rat　and　the　Elephant。〃　La　Fontaine　fully　comprehended　its　social　and

psychological　bearing。　〃To　believe　one's　self　an　important　personage

is　very　common　in　France。　。　。　。　A　childish　vanity　is　peculiar　to　us。

The　Spaniards　are　vain；　but　in　another　way。　It　is　specially　a　French

weakness。〃



＇4＇　Beugnot；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　317。　〃This　equality　which　is　now　our

dominant　passion　is　not　the　noble　kindly　sentiment　that　affords

delight　by　honoring　one's　self　in　honoring　one's　fellow；　and　in

feeling　at　ease　in　all　social　relationships；　no；　it　is　an　aversion　to

every　kind　of　superiority；　a　fear　lest　a　prominent　position　may　be

lost；　this　equality　tends　in　no　way　to　raise　up　what　is　kept　down；　but

to　prevent　any　elevation　whatever。〃



＇5＇　　D'Haussonville；　〃l'église　romaine　et　le　Premier　Empire；〃　I。；　chs

X。　and　XI。



＇6＇　Decree　of　March　17；　1808；　on　the　organization　of　the　Israelite

cult。　　The　members　of　the　Israelite　consistories　and　the　rabbis　must

be　accepted　by　the　government　the　same　as　the　ministers　of　the　other

cults；　but　their　salary；　which　is　fixed；　must　be　provided　by　the

Israelites　of　the　conscription；　the　State　does　not　pay　this；　the　same

as　with　curés　or　pastors。　This　is　not　done　until　under　the　monarchy　of

July；　when　the　assimilation　of　the　Israelite　with　the　other　Christian

cults　is　effected。



＇7＇　〃Travels　in　France　during　the　years　1814　and　1815　〃（Edinburgh；

1806）　I。；　176。　〃The　nobility；　the　great　landed　proprietors；　the

yeomanry；　the　lesser　farmers；　all　of　the　intermediate　ranks　who　might

oppose　a　check　to　the　power　of　a　tyrannical　prince；　are　nearly

annihilated。〃　…　Ibid。；　236。　〃Scarcely　an　intermediate　rank　was　to　be

found　in　the　nation　between　the　sovereign　and　the　peasant。〃　…　Ibid。；

II。　239。　　〃The　better　class　of　the　inhabitants　of　the　cities；　whether

traders　and　manufacturers　or　the　bourgeoisie　of　France；　are　those　who

were　the　most　decided　enemies　of　Bonaparte。〃



＇8＇　Napoleon；　desirous　of　forming　an　opinion　of　him；　said　to　Roederer；

〃Send　me　his　books。〃　〃But；〃　said　Roederer；　〃he　is　only　a　translator。〃

〃No　matter；〃　replied　Napoleon；　〃I　will　read　his　prefaces；〃



＇9＇　Cf。　the　〃Dictionnaire　biographique；〃　published　at　Leipsic；　1806…

1808　（by　Eymory）　4　vols。；　and　the　〃Almanach　impérial〃　for　1807　to

1812；　many　other　historic　names　are　found　there；　and　among　these　the

ladies　of　the　palace。　In　1810；　Comte　de　la　Rochefoucauld　is　ambassador

to　Holland　and　Comte　de　Mercy…Argenteau　ambassador　to　Bavaria。



＇10＇　The　Revolution；〃　II。；　323。　（Ed。　Laffont　I。　773；　note　1）



＇11＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　vol。　III。；　PP。　318~322。　（Ed。　Laff。　II。　pp。　237…

240。）…



＇12＇　〃The　Ancient　Régime；〃　pp。　116…119；　128。　（Ed。　Laff。　I。　pp。　90…92；

100…101。）



＇13＇　De　Tilly；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　153。　〃The　difference　between　the　tone

and　language　of　the　court　and　that　of　the　city　was　about　as　great　as

that　between　Paris　and　the　provinces。〃



＇14＇　Hence　the　lack　of　success　of　the　Maupeou　parliament。



＇15＇　See　the　collections　of　songs　previous　to　the　Revolution；

especially　military　songs　such　as　〃　Malgré　la　bataille；〃　…　　〃Dans　les

gardes　fran？aises；〃　etc。　　…　At　the　time　of　the　Restoration；　the

pastoral　or　gallant　songs　of　Florian；　Bouffiers　and　Berquin　were　still

sung　in　bourgeois　families；　each　person；　young　or　old；　man　or　woman；

singing　one　at　the　dessert。　This　undercurrent　of　gayety；　geniality　and

amiability　lasted　throughout　the　Revolution　and　the　Empire。　（〃Travels

through　the　South　of　France；　1807　and　1808；〃　p。132；　by　Lieutenant…

Colonel　Pinkney；　of　the　United　States。）　〃I　must　once　for　all　say　that

the　Memoirs　of　Marmontel　are　founded　in　nature。〃　He　cites　a　great　many

facts　in　proof　of　this；　and　testifies　in　all　classes　to　a　prompt　and

social　nature；　a　natural　benevolence　or　habitual　civility　which　leads

them　instinctively；　and　not　unfrequently　impertinently；　into　acts　of

kindness　and　consideration。〃　…　The　same　impression　is　produced　on

comparing　the　engravings；　fashion…plates；　light　subjects　and

caricatures　of　this　period　with　those　of　the　present　epoch。　The

malicious　sentiment　begins　only　with　Béranger；　and　yet　his　early

pieces　（〃Le　Roi　d'Yvetot；〃　〃le　Sénateur〃）　display　the　light　air；

accent　and　happy；　instead　of　venomous；　malice　of　the　old　song。　Nobody

now　sings　in　the　lower　bourgeoisie　or　in　gatherings　of　clerks　or

students；　while；　along　with　the　song；　we　have　seen　the　other　traits

which　impressed　foreigners　disappear；　the　gallantry；　the　jesting

humor；　the　determination　to　regard　life　as　so　many　hours　（une　serie　de

quarts　d'heures；　each　of　which　may　be　separated　from　the　others；　be

ample　in　themselves　and　agreeable　to　him　who　talks　and　to　him　or　her

who　listens。



＇16＇　Read　the　novels　of　Pigault…Lebrun：　books　of　the　epoch　the　best

adapted　to　the　men　of　the　epoch；　to　the　military　parvenus；　swift；

frank；　lusty　and　narrow…minded。



＇17＇　Candide　（Récit　de　la　Vieille）。



＇18＇　〃Souvenirs〃；　by　PASQUIER　（Etienne…Dennis；　duc）；　chancelier　de

France；　Librarie　Plon；　　Paris　1893。　〃I　am　sure　that　his　imagination

was　more　taken　with　Ghengis…Khan　than　with　Caesar。〃



＇19＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　II。；　12；　22。　（Laff。　I。　pp。　574；　582。）　（Articles

by　Mailet…Dupan；　〃Mercure　de　France；〃　Dec。　30；　1791；　and　April　7；

1792。）　…　Napoleon；　〃Mémorial〃　（Sept。　3；　1816）；　thinks　so　too　and

states　the　essential　characteristic　of　the　Revolution。　This　consisted

in　〃telling　everybody　who　held　office；　every　one　who　had　a　place　or　a

fortune：　'Get　out。'〃



＇20＇　Roederer；　III。；　534　（January　1809；　on　Normandy）；　〃Children　in

every　situation　think　of　becoming　soldiers　to　get　the　cross　（legion　of

honor）；　and　the　cross　secures　the　chevalier。　The　desire　of

distinction；　of　passing　ahead　of　some　one　else；　is　a　na