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the offscourings of the large towns and are men without occupation。〃



'59' Gebelin; p。 270。 Almost all the cahiers of the third…estate in

1789 demand the abolition of drafting by lot; and nearly all of those

of the three orders are for volunteer service; as opposed to

obligatory service; most of these demand; for the army; a volunteer

militia enlisted through a bounty; this bounty or security in money to

be furnished by communities of inhabitants which; in fact; was already

the case in several towns。



'60' Albert Babeau; ibid。; 238。  〃Colonels were allowed only 100

francs per man; this sum; however; being insufficient; the balance was

assessed on the pay of the officers。〃



'61' This principle was at once adopted by the Jacobins。 (Yung; ibid。;

19; 22; 145。 Speech by Dubois…Crancé at the session held Dec。12;

1789。) 〃Every citizen will become a soldier of the Constitution。〃 No

more casting lots nor substitution。 〃Each citizen must be a soldier

and each soldier a citizen。〃 … The first application of the principle

is a call for 300;000 men (Feb。 26; 1793); then through a levy on the

masses which brings 500;000 men under the flag; nominally volunteers;

but conscripts in reality。 (Baron Poisson; 〃l'Armée et la Garde

Nationale;〃III; 475。)



'62' Taine wrote this in 1888; after the end of the second French

Empire; after the transformation of Prussia into the Empire of

Germany。 Taine apparently had a premonition of the terrible wars of

the 20th century; of Nazism; Communism and their death and

concentration camps。 (SR。)



'63' Baron Poisson; 〃l'Armée et la Garde nationale;〃 III。; 475。

(Summing up。) 〃Popular tradition has converted the volunteer of the

Republic into a conventional personage which history cannot accept。 。

。 。 1st。 The first contingent of volunteers demanded of the country

consisted of 97;000 men (i1791)。 60;000 enthusiasts responded to the

call; enlisted for a year and fulfilled their engagement; but for no

consideration would they remain longer。  2nd。 Second call for

volunteers in April 1792。 Only mixed levies; partial; raised by money;

most of them even without occupation; outcasts and unable to withstand

the enemy。 3rd。 300;000 men recruited; which measure partly fails; the

recruit can always get off by furnishing a substitute。 4th。 Levy in

mass of 500;000 men; called volunteers; but really conscripts。〃



'64' 〃Mémorial〃 (Speech by Napoleon before the Council of State)。 〃I

am inflexible on exemptions; they would be crimes; how relieve one's

conscience of having caused one man to die in the place of another ?〃

… 〃The conscription was an unprivileged militia: it was an eminently

national institution and already far advanced in our customs; only

mothers were still afflicted by it; while the time was coming when a

girl would not have a man who had not paid his debt to his country。〃



'65' Law of Fructidor 8; year XIII; article 10。 … Pelet de La Lozère;

229。 (Speech by Napoleon; Council of State; May 29; 1804。) … Pelet

adds: 〃The duration of the service was not fixed。 。 。 。 As a fact in

itself; the man was exiled from his home for the rest of his life;

regarding it as a desolating; permanent exile。 。 。 。 Entire sacrifice

of existence。 。 。 。 An annual crop of young men torn from their

families and sent to death。〃 … Archives nationales; F7; 3014。 (Reports

of prefects; 1806。) After this date; and even from the beginning;

there is extreme repugnance which is only overcome by severe means。 。

。 。 (Ardeche。) 〃If the state of the country were to be judged of by

the results of the conscription one would have a poor idea of it。〃 …

(Ariège。) 〃At Brussac; district of Foix; four or five individuals arm

themselves with stones and knives to help a conscript escape; arrested

by the gendarmes。 。 。 。 A garrison was ordered to this commune。〃 … At

Massat; district of Saint…Girons; on a few brigades of gendarmes

entering this commune to establish a garrison; in order to hasten the

departure of refractory conscripts; they were stoned; a shot even was

fired at this troop。 。 。 。 A garrison was placed in these hamlets as

in the rest of the commune。 … During the night of Frimaire 16…17 last;

six strange men presented themselves before the prison of Saint…Girons

and loudly demanded Gouazé; a deserter and condemned。 On the jailor

coming down they seized him and struck him down。〃 … (Haute…Loire。)

〃'The flying column is under constant orders simultaneously against

the refractory and disobedient among the classes of the years IX; X;

XI; XII; and XIII; and against the laggards of that of year IV; of

which 134 men yet remain to be supplied。〃 … (Bouches…du…Rh?ne。) 〃50

deserter sailors and 84 deserters or conscripts of different classes

have been arrested。〃 … (Dordogne。) 〃Out of 1353 conscripts; 134 have

failed to reach their destination; 124 refractory or deserters from

the country and 41 others have been arrested; 81 conscripts have

surrendered as a result of placing a garrison amongst them; 186 have

not surrendered。 Out of 892 conscripts of the year XIV on the march;

101 deserted on the road。〃 … (Gard。) 〃76 refractory or deserters

arrested。〃 … (Landes。) 〃Out of 406 men who left; 51 deserted on the

way;〃 etc。 … This repugnance becomes more and more aggravated。 (Cf。

analogous reports of 1812 and 1813; F7; 3018 and 3019; in 〃Journal

d'un bourgeois d'Evreux;〃 p。 150 to 214; and 〃Histoire de 1814;〃 by

Henry Houssaye; p。8 to 24。)



'66' Law of Fructidor; year VI。



'67' Decree of July 29; 1811 (on the exemption of pupils in the école

Normale)。 … Decree of March 30; 1810; title II。; articles 2; 4; 5; 6

(on the police and system of the école Normale)。 … Decree on the

organization of the University; titles 6 and 13; March 7; 1808。



'68' Law of Vent?se 17; year VIII; title III。; articles I and 13。 …

Law of Fructidor 8; year XIII; articles 50; 54; and 55。



'69' Law of Fructidor 8; year XIII; article 51



'70' Law of Vent?se 17; year VIII; title 3; article I。



'71' Thibaudeau; p。 108。 (Speech of the First Consul before the

Council of State。)  〃Art; science and the professions must be thought

of。 We are not Spartans。 。 。 。 As to substitution; it must be allowed。

In a nation where fortunes are equal each individual should serve

personally; but; with a people whose existence depends on the

inequality of fortunes; the rich must be allowed the right of

substitution; only we must take care that the substitutes be good; and

that conscripts pay some of the money serving to defray the expense of

a part of the equipment of the army of reserve。〃



'72' Pelet de La Lozère; 228。



'73' Archives nationales; F7; 3014。 (Reports of prefects; 1806。)

Average price of a substitute: Basses Alpes; from 2;000 to 2;500

francs; Bouches…du…Rh?ne; from 1;800 to 3;000; Dordogne; 2;400; Gard;

3;000; Gers; 4;000; Haute…Garonne; from 2;000 to 3;000; Hérault;

4;000; Vaucluse; 2;500; Landes; 4;000。  Average rate of interest

(Ardèche): 〃Money; which was from 11/4  to 11/2 %; has declined; it is

now at 3 1/4 % a month or 10 % per annum。〃 … (Basses Alpes): 〃The rate

of money has varied in commerce from 1 to 3/4 % per month。〃 … (Gard):

〃Interest is at 1 % a month in commerce; proprietors can readily

borrow at 9 or 10 % per annum。〃 … (Hérault): 〃The interest on money is

1 1/4 % per month。〃 … (Vaucluse): 〃Money is from 3/4 to 11/4  % per

month。〃



'74' Thiers; VII。; p。23 and 467。 In November 1806; Napoleon orders the

conscription of 1807; in March 1807; he orders the conscription of

1808; and so on; always from worse to worse。 … Decrees of 1808 and

1813 against young men of family already bought off or exempted。 …

〃Journal d'un Bourgeois d'Evreux;〃 214。 Desolate state of things in

1813; 〃general depression and discouragement。〃 … Miot de Mélito; III。;

304。 (Report of Miot to the Emperor after a tour in the departments in

1815。) 〃Everywhere; almost; the women are your declared enemies。〃



'75' Law of Vent?se 17; year VIII; title 3; articles 6; 7; 8; 9。 …

Exemption is granted as a favor only to the ignorantin brothers and to

seminarians assigned to the priesthood。  … Cf。 the law of March 10;

1818; articles 15 and 18。







CHAPTER III。 Ambition and Self…esteem。



I。 Rights and benefits。



The assignment of right。 … Those out of favor and the preferred under

former governments。 … Under the Ancient Regime。 … During the

Revolution。 … French conception of Equality and Rights。 … Its

ingredients and its excesses。 … The satisfaction it obtains under the

new regime。 … Abolition of legal incapacity and equality in the

possession of rights。 … Confiscation of collective action and equality

in the deprivation of rights。 … Careers in the modern State。 … Equal

right of all to offices and to promotion。 … Napoleon's distribution of

employments。 … His staff of officials recruited from all classes and

parties。



Now that the State has just made a new allotment of the 

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