the origins of contemporary france-5-第60部分

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（official　statistics　of　primary　instruction；　III。；　XVI。）；　children

from　six　to　thirteen　number　about　twelve　％　of　the　entire　population。

Accordingly；　in　1789；　out　of　a　population　of　26　millions；　the　children

from　6　to　13　numbered　3；120；000；　of　whom　1；138；000　learned　to　read　and

write。　It　must　be　noted　that；　in　1800；　the　adult　population　had

greatly　diminished；　and　that　the　infantine　population　had　largely

increased。　France；　moreover；　is　enlarged　by　12　departments　（Belgium；

Savoy；　Comtat；　Nice）；　where　the　old　schools　had　equally　perished。　…　If

all　the　old　schools　had　been　kept　up；　it　is　probable　that　the　children

who　would　have　had　primary　instruction　would　have　numbered　nearly

1；400；000。



＇77＇　Saint　Thomas；　〃Summa　theologica；〃　pars　III。；　questio　60　usque　ad

85：　〃Sacramenta　efficiunt　quod　figurant。　。　。　。　Sant　necessaria　ad

salutem　hominum。　。　。　。　Ab　ipso　verbo　incarnata　efficaciam　habent。　Ex

sua　institutione　habent　quod　conferant　gratiam。　。　。　。　Sacramentum　est

causa　grati？；　causa　agens；　principalis　et　instrumentalis。〃



＇78＇　Except　priests　ordained　by　a　bishop　of　the　Greek　church。



＇79＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　I。　161。　…　Archives　nationales。　（Reports　of　the

Directory　commissioners　from　the　cantons　and　departments。　…　There　are

hundreds　of　these　reports；　of　which　the　following　are　specimens。）　…

F7；　7108。　（Canton　of　Passavent；　Doubs；　Vent？se　7；　year　IV。）　　〃The　sway

of　religious　opinions　is　much　more　extensive　here　than　before　the

revolution；　because　the　mass　of　the　people　did　not　concern　themselves

about　them；　while　nowadays　they　form　among　the　generality　the　subject

of　conversation　and　complaint。〃　…　F7；　7127。　（Canton　of　Goux；　Doubs；

Pluvi？se　13；　year　IV。）　〃The　hunting　down　of　unsworn　priests；　coupled

with　the　dilapidation　and　destruction　of　the　temples；　displeased　the

people；　who　want　a　religion　and　a　cult；　the　government　became　hateful

to　them。〃　…　Ibid。　（Dordogne；　canton　of　Livrac；　Vent？se　13；　year　IV。）

〃The　demolition　of　altars；　the　closing　of　the　churches；　had　rendered

the　people　furious　under　the　Tyranny。〃　…　F7；　7129。　（Seine…Infèrieure；

canton　of　Canteleu；　Pluvi？se　12；　year　IV。）　〃I　knew　enlightened　men

who；　in　the　ancient　regime；　never　went　near　a　church；　and　yet　who

harbored　refractory　priests。〃　…　Archives　nationales；　cartons　3144…

3145；　No。　1004。　（Missions　of　the　councillors　of　state　in　the　year　IX。）

At　this　date；　worship　was　everywhere　established　and　spontaneously。

（Report　by　Lacuée。）　In　Eure…et…Loire；　〃nearly　every　village　has　its

church　and　minister；　the　temples　are　open　in　the　towns　and　are　well

attended。〃　…　In　Seine…et…Oise；　〃the　Roman　Catholic　cult　prevails　in

all　the　communes　of　the　department。〃　…　In　Oise；　〃worship　is　carried　on

in　all　the　communes　of　the　department。〃…In　Loiret；　〃the　churches　are

attended　by　the　multitude　almost　as　regularly　as　before　1788。　One…

sixth　of　the　communes　（only）　have　neither　worship　nor　minister　and；　in

these　communes；　both　are　strongly　desired。〃



＇80＇　Archives　nationales；　F7；　7129。　（Tarn；　canton　of　Vielmur；　Germinal

10；　year　IV。）　〃The　ignorant　now　regard　patriot　and　brigand　as

synonymous。〃



＇81＇　Archives　nationales；　F7；　7108。　（Doubs；　canton　of　Vercel；　Pluvi？se

20；　year　IV。）　〃Under　the　law　of　Prairial　II；　the　unsworn　priests　were

all　recalled　by　their　former　parishioners。　Their　hold　on　the　people　is

so　strong　that　there　is　no　sacrifice　that　they　will　not　make；　no　ruse

nor　measures　that　they　will　not　employ　to　keep　them　and　elude　the

rigor　of　the　laws　bearing　on　them〃　…　（Ibid。；　canton　of　Pontarlier；

Pluvi？se　3；　year　IV。）　〃In　the　primary　assemblies；　the　aristocracy；

together　with　spite；　have　induced　the　ignorant　people　not　to　accept

the　constitution　except　on　condition　of　the　recall　of　their

transported　or　emigrant　priests　for　the　exercise　of　their　worship。〃　…

（Ibid。；　canton　of　Labergement；　Pluvi？se　14；　year　IV。）　　〃The

cultivators　adore　them。　。　。　。　I　am　the　only　citizen　of　my　canton　who；

along　with　my；　family；　offers　up　prayers　to　the　Eternal　without　any

intermediary。〃　…　F7；　7127。　（C？te…d'Or；　canton　of　Beaune；　Vent？se　5；

year　IV。）　〃Fanaticism　is　a　power　of　great　influence。〃　…　（Ibid。；　canton

of　Frolois；　Pluvi？se　9；　year　IV。）　　〃Two　unsworn　priests　returned

eighteen　months　ago；　they　are　hidden　away　and　hold　nocturnal　meetings。

。　。　They　have　seduced　and　corrupted　at　least　three…quarters　of　the

people　of　both　sexes。〃　…　（Ibid。；　canton　of　Ivry；　Pluvi？se　1；　year　IV。）

〃Fanaticism　and　popery　have　perverted　the　public　mind。〃　…　F7；　7119。

（Puy…de…D？me；　canton　of　Ambert；　Vent？se　15；　year　IV。）　　〃Five　returned

priests　have　celebrated　the　mass　here；　and　each　time　were　followed　by

3000　or　4000　persons。〃　…　F7；　7127。　（Dordogne；　canton　of　Carlux；

Pluvi？se　18；　year　IV。）　〃The　people　are　so　attached　to　the　Catholic

faith；　they　walk　fully　two　leagues　to　attend　mass。〃　…　F7；　7119。

（Ardèche；　canton　of　Saint…Barthélemy；　Pluvi？se　15；　year　IV。）　〃The

unsubmissive　priests　have　become　absolute　masters　of　popular　opinion。〃

…　（Orne；　canton　of　Alen？on；　Vent？se　22；　year　IV。）　　〃Presidents；

members　of　the　municipal　councils；　instead　of　arresting　the　refractory

priests　and　bringing　them　into　court；　admit　them　to　their　table；　lodge

them　and　impart　to　them　the　secrets　of　the　government。〃　…　F7；　7129。

（Seine…et…Oise；　canton　of　Jouy；　Pluvi？se　8；　year　IV。）　〃Forty…nine　out

of　fifty　citizens　seem　to　have　the　greatest　desire　to　profess　the

Catholic　faith。〃　…　　Ibid。；　canton　of　Dammartin；　Pluvi？se　7；　year　IV。）

〃The　Catholic　religion　has　full　sway；　those　who　do　not　accept　it　are

frowned　upon。〃　…　At　the　same　date　（Pluvi？se　9；　year　IV）；　the

commissioner　at　Chamarande　writes：　〃I　see　persons　giving　what　they

call　blessed　bread　and　yet　having　nothing　to　eat。〃



＇82＇　Ibid。；　cartons　3144　and　3145；　No。　1004；　missions　of　the

councillors　of　state；　year　IX。　…　（Report　of　Barbé…Marbois　on

Brittany。）　〃At　Vannes；　I　entered　the　cathedral　on　the　jour　des　Rois；

where　the　constitutional　mass　was　being　celebrated；　there　were　only

one　priest　and　two　or　three　poor　people　there。　A　little　farther　on　I

found　a　large　crowd　barring　the　way　in　the　street；　these　people　could

not　enter　a　chapel　which　was　already　full　and　where　the　mass　called

for　by　the　Catholics　was　being　celebrated。　…　Elsewhere；　the　churches

in　the　town　were　likewise　deserted；　and　the　people　went　to　hear　mass

by　a　priest　just　arrived　from　England。〃　…　（Report　by　Fran？ais　de

Nantes　on　Vaucluse　and　Provence。）　One　tenth　of　the　population　follows

the　constitutional　priests；　the　rest　follow　the　returned　emigré

priests；　the　latter　have　on　their　side　the　rich　and　influential

portion　of　society。〃　…　（Report　of　Lacuée　on　Paris　and　the　seven

surrounding　departments。）　〃The　situation　of　the　unsubmissive　priests

is　more　advantageous　than　that　of　the　submissive　priests。　。　。　。　The

latter　are　neglected　and　abandoned；　it　is　not　fashionable　to　join

them。　。　。　（The　former）　are　venerated　by　their　adherents　as　martyrs；

they　excite　tender　interest；　especially　from　the　women。〃



＇83＇　Archives　nationales；　cartons　3144　and　3145；　No。1004；　missions　of

the　councillors　of　state；　year　IX。…　（Report　by　Lacuée。）　〃The　wants　of

the　people　in　this　way　seem　at　this　moment　to　be　confined。　。　。　to　a

vain　spectacle；　to　ceremonies：　going　to　mass；　the　sermon　and　vespers；

which　is　all　very　well；　but　confession；　the　communion；　fasting；　doing

without　meat；　is　not　common　anywhere。　。　。　。　In　the　country；　where

there　are　no　priests；　the　village　schoolmaster　officiates；　and　people

are　content；　they　would　prefer　bells　without　priests　rather　than

priests　without　bells。〃　…　This　regret　for　bells　is　very　frequent　and

survives　even　in　the　cantons　which　are　lukewarm。　…　（Creuse；　Pluvi？se

10；　year　IV。）　〃They　persist　in　replanting　the　crosses　which　the

priests　have　dug　up；　they　put　back　the　ropes　to　the　bells　which　the

magistrate　has　taken　away。〃



＇84＇　Archives　nationales；　cartons　3144　and　3145；　No。　1004；　missions　of

the　councilors　of　state；　year　IX。　…　（Report　by　Fourcroy。）　〃The　keeping

of　Sunday　and　the　attendance　on　the　churches；　which　is　seen

everywhere；　shows　that　the　mass　of　Frenchmen　desire　a　return　to

ancient　usages；　and　that　the　time　has　gone　by　for　resisting　this

national　tendency。　。　　。　The　mass　of　mankind　require　a　religion；　a

system　of　worship　and　a　priesthood。　It　is　an　error　of　certain　modern

phi1osophers；　into　which　I　have　myself　been　led；　to　believe　in　the

possibility　of　any　instruction　sufficiently　widespread　to　destroy

religious　prejudices；　they　are　a　source　of　consolation　for　the　vast

number　of　the　unfortunate。　。　。　。　Priests；　altars　and　worship　must

accordingly　be　left　to　the　mass　of　the　people。〃



＇85＇　Peuchet；　〃Statistique　élémentaire　de　la　France〃　（published　in

1805）；　p。228。　According　to　statements　furnished　by　prefects　in　the

years　IX　and　X；　the　population　is　33；111；962　persons；　the　annexation

of　the　island　of　Elbe　and　of　Piedmont　adds　1；864；350　　Total；

34；976；313。　…　Pelet　de　la　Lozère；　P。203。　（Speech　by　Napoleon　to　the

council　of　stat