the origins of contemporary france-5-第50部分

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Convention；　through　the　dispersion　and　persecution　of　nuns　and　monks；

they　were　deprived　of　a　body　of　able　male　and　female　volunteer

servants　who；　instituted　for　centuries；　gave　their　labor　without

stint。　Under　the　Convention；　all　their　possessions；　the　real…estate

and　the　debts　due　them；　had　been　confiscated；＇52＇　and；　in　the

restitution　to　them　of　the　remainder　at　the　end　of　three　years；　a

portion　of　their　real…estate　is　found　to　have　been　sold；　while　their

claims；　settled　by　assignats　or　converted　into　state　securities；　had

died　out　or　dwindled　to　such　an　extent　that；　in　1800；　after　the　final

bankruptcy　of　the　assignats　and　of　the　state　debt；　the　ancient

patrimony　of　the　poor　is　two…thirds　or　one…half　reduced。＇53＇　　It　is

for　this　reason　that　the　eight　hundred　charitable　institutions　which；

in　1789；　had　one　hundred　thousand　or　one　hundred　and　ten　thousand

occupants；　could　not　support　more　than　one…third　or　one…half　of　them；

on　the　other　hand；　it　may　be　estimated　that　the　number　of　applicants

tripled；　from　which　it　follows　that；　in　1800；　there　is　less　than　one

bed　in　the　hospitals　and　asylums　for　six　children；　either　sick　or

infirm。



V。　Old　and　New。



Complaints　of　the　Poor；　of　Parents；　and　of　Believers。　…　Contrast

between　old　and　new　educational　facilities。　…　Clandestine　instruction。

…　Jacobin　teachers。



Under　this　wail　of　the　wretched　who　vainly　appeal　for　help；　for

nursing　and　for　beds；　another　moan　is　heard；　not　so　loud；　but　more

extensive；　that　of　parents　unable　to　educate　their　children；　boys　or

girls；　and　give　them　any　species　of　instruction　either　primary　or

secondary。



Previous　to　the　Revolution　〃small　schools〃　were　innumerable：　in

Normandy；　Picardy；　Artois；　French　Flanders；　Lorraine　and　Alsace；　in

the　Ile…de…France；　in　Burgundy　and　Franche…Comté；　in　　the　Dombes；

Dauphiny　and　Lyonnais；　in　the　Comtat；　in　the　Cévennes　and　in

Béarn；＇54＇　almost　as　many　schools　could　be　counted　as　there　were

parishes；　in　all　probably　twenty　or　twenty…five　thousand　for　the

thirty…seven　thousand　parishes　in　France；　and　all　frequented　and

serviceable；　for；　in　1789；　forty…seven　men　out　of　a　hundred；　and

twenty…six　girls　or　women　out　of　a　hundred；　could　read　and　write　or；

at　least；　sign　their　names。＇55＇　…　And　these　schools　cost　the　treasury

nothing；　next　to　nothing　to　the　tax…payer；　and　very　little　to　parents。

In　many　places；　the　congregations；　supported　by　their　own　property；

furnished　male　or　female　teachers；　…　Frères　de　la　Doctrine　Chrétienne；

Frères　de　Saint…Antoine；　Ursulines；　Visitandines；　Filles　de　la

Charité；　S？urs　de　Saint…Charles；　S？urs　de　la　Providence；　S？urs　de　la

Sagesse；　S？urs　de　Notre…Dame　de　la　Croix；　Vatelottes；　Miramiones；

Manettes　du　Tiers　Ordre；　and　many　others。　Elsewhere；　the　curate　of　the

parish　was　obliged　through　a　parish　regulation　to　teach　himself；　or　to

see　that　his　vicar　taught。　A　very　large　number　of　factories　or　of

communes　had　received　legacies　for　maintaining　a　school；　the

instructor　often　enjoyed；　through　an　endowment；　a　métayer　farm　or　a

piece　of　ground；　he　was　generally　provided　with　a　lodging；　if　he　was　a

layman　he　was　exempt；　besides；　from　the　most　onerous　taxes；　as　sexton；

beadle；　chorister　or　bell…ringer；　he　had　small　perquisites；　finally；

he　was　paid　for　each　child　four　or　five　sous＇56＇　a　month；　sometimes；

especially　in　poor　districts；　he　taught　only　from　All　Saints'　day　down

to　the　spring；　and　followed　another　occupation　during　the　summer。　In

short；　his　salary　and　his　comfort　were　about　those　of　a　rural　vicar　or

of　a　suitably　paid　curate。



Higher　education　（éducation　secondaire）　was　provided　for　in　the　same

manner；　and　still　better　by　local　and　private　enterprise。　More　than

one　hundred　and　eight　establishments　furnished　it　completely；　and　more

than　four　hundred　and　fifty…four　partially。＇57＇　Like　the　others；　and

not　less　liberally　than　the　smaller　schools；　these　were　supported　by

endowments；　some　of　which　were　very　ample　and　even　magnificent；　a

certain　upper　school　in　the　provinces；　Rodez；＇58＇　possessed　twenty…

seven　thousand　livres　income；　and　one　in　Paris；　Louis…le…Grand；　an

income　of　four　hundred　and　fifty　thousand　livres；　each　of　these；　large

or　small；　having　its　own　distinct　endowment；　in　real　property；　lands

and　houses；　and　in　revenues　on　privileges　derived　from　the　hotel…de…

ville；　the　octroi　and　from　transportation　lines。　…　And；　in　each　of

them；　the　scholarships；　or　half…scholarships；　were　numerous…six

hundred　alone　in　Louis…le…Grand。　In　total；　out　of　the　seventy…two

thousand　scholars　in　the　kingdom；　there　were　forty　thousand　for　whom　a

high…school　education　was　gratuitous　or　half…gratuitous；　nowadays；　it

is　less　than　five　thousand　out　of　seventy…nine　thousand。＇59＇　The

reason　why　is　that；　before　1789；　the　revenues　were　not　only　large；　but

the　expenses　were　small。　The　salary　of　a　head…master；　teacher；　or

assistant…teacher　was　not　large；　say　four　hundred　and　fifty；　six

hundred；　nine　hundred；　or　twelve　hundred　livres　per　annum　at　most；

just　enough　for　a　single　man　to　live　on；　in　effect；　most　of　the

teachers　were　priests　or　monks；　Benedictines；　regular　canons；

Oratorians；　the　latter　alone　officiating　in　thirty　colleges。　Not

subject　to　the　expenses　and　necessities　which　a　family　imposes；　they

were　abstemious　through　piety；　or　at　least　through　discipline；　habit；

and　respect　for　persons；　frequently；　the　statutes　of　the　school

obliged　them　to　live　in　common；＇60＇　which　was　much　cheaper　than　living

apart。　…　The　same　economical　accord　is　found　with　all　the　wheels；　in

the　arrangement　and　working　of　the　entire　system。　A　family；　even　a

rural　one；　never　lived　far　away　from　a　high…school；　for　there　were

high…schools　in　nearly　all　the　small　towns；　seven　or　eight　in　each

department；　fifteen　in　Ain；　seventeen　in　Aisne。＇61＇　The　child　or

youth；　from　eight　to　eighteen；　had　not　to　endure　the　solitude　and

promiscuity　of　a　civil　barracks；　he　remained　within　reach　of　his

parents。　If　they　were　too　poor　to　pay　the　three　hundred　francs　board

required　by　the　school；　they　placed　their　son　in　a　respectable　family；

in　that　of　some　artisan　or　acquaintance　in　the　town；　there；　with　three

or　four　others；　he　was　lodged；　had　his　washing　done；　was　cared　for　and

watched；　had　a　seat　at　the　family　table　and　by　the　fireside；　and　was

provided　with　light；　every　week；　he　received　from　the　country　his

supply　of　bread　and　other　provisions；　the　mistress　of　the　house　cooked

for　him　and　mended　his　clothes；　the　whole　for　two　or　three　livres　a

month。＇62＇　…　Thus　do　institutions　flourish　that　arise　spontaneously　on

the　spot；　they　adapt　themselves　to　circumstances；　conform　to

necessities；　utilize　resources　and　afford　the　maximum　of　returns　for

the　minimum　of　expense。



This　great　organization　disappears　entirely；　bodily　and　with　all　its

possessions；　like　a　ship　that　sinks　beneath　the　waves。　The　teachers

are　dismissed；　exiled；　transported；　and　proscribed；　its　property　is

confiscated；　sold　and　destroyed；　and　the　remainder　in　the　hands　of　the

State　is　not　restored　and　again　applied　to　its　former　service。　Public

education；　worse　treated　than　public　charity；　does　not　recover　a　shred

of　its　former　endowment。　Consequently；　in　the　last　years　of　the

Directory；　and　even　early　in　the　Consulate；＇63＇　there　is　scarcely　any

instruction　given　in　France；　in　fact；　for　the　past　eight　or　nine　years

it　has　ceased；＇64＇　or　become　private　and　clandestine。　Here　and　there；

a　few　returned　priests；　in　spite　of　the　intolerant　law　and　with　the

connivance　of　the　local　authorities；　also　a　few　scattered　nuns；　teach

in　a　contraband　fashion　a　few　small　groups　of　Catholic　children　；　five

or　six　little　girls　around　a　disguised　Ursuline　nun　spell　out　the

alphabet　in　a　back　room；＇65＇　a　priest　without　tonsure　or　cassock

secretly　receives　in　the　evening　two　or　three　youths　whom　he　makes

translate　the　De　Viris。　…　During　the　intervals；　indeed；　of　the　Reign

of　Terror；　before　the　13th　of　Vendémiaire　and　the　18th　of　Fructidor；

sundry　schools　spring　up　again　like　tufts　of　grass　in　a　mowed　pasture…

ground；　but　only　in　certain　spots　and　meagerly；　moreover；　as　soon　as

the　Jacobin　returns　to　power　he　stubbornly　stamps　them　out；＇66＇　he

wants　to　have　teaching　all　to　himself。　…　Now　the　institution　by　which

the　State　pretends　to　replace　the　old　and　free　establishments　makes　a

figure　only　on　paper。　One　école　centrale　in　each　department　is

installed　or　decreed；　making　eighty　eight　on　the　territory　of　ancient

France；　this　hardly　supplies　the　place　of　the　eight　or　nine　hundred

high…schools　（collèges）；　especially　as　these　new　schools　are　hardly

viable；　being　in　ruin　at　the　very　start；＇67＇　poorly　maintained；　badly

furnished；　with　no　preparatory　schools　nor　adjacent　boarding…

houses；＇68＇　the　programme　of　studies　being　badly　arranged　and　parents

suspicious　of　the　spirit　of　the　studies。＇69＇　Thus；　there　is　little　or

no　attendance　at　most　of　the　courses　of　lectures；　only　those　on

mathematics　are　followe