the origins of contemporary france-5-第44部分

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an　extent　as　in　Italy。＇38＇



It　reappears　the　last　time　in　1800；　starting　up　in　and　taking　firm

hold　of　the　magnificent；　benighted　imagination　of　the　great

Italian；＇39＇　to　whom　the　opportunity　afforded　the　means　for　executing

the　grand　Italian　dream　of　the　Middle　Ages；　it　is　according　to　this

retrospective　vision　that　the　Diocletian　of　Ajaccio；　the　Constantine

of　the　Concordat；　the　Justinian　of　the　Civil　Code；　the　Theodosius　of

the　Tuileries　and　of　St。　Cloud　reconstructed　France。



This　does　not　mean　that　he　copies　…　he　restores；　his　conception　is　not

plagiarism；　but　a　case　of　atavism；　it　comes　to　him　through　the　nature

of　his　intellect　and　through　racial　traditions。　In　the　way　of　social

and　political　conceptions；　as　in　literature　and　in　art；　his

spontaneous　taste　is　ultra…classic。　We　detect　this　in　his　mode　of

comprehending　the　history　of　France；　State　historians；　〃encouraged　by

the　police；〃　must　make　it　to　order；　they　must　trace　it　〃from　the　end

of　Louis　XIV。　to　the　year　VIII；〃　and　their　object　must　be　to　show　how

superior　the　new　architecture　is　to　the　old　one。＇40＇　　〃The　constant

disturbance　of　the　finances　must　be　noted；　the　chaos　of　the　provincial

assemblies；　。　。　。　the　pretensions　of　the　parliaments；　the　lack　of

energy　and　order　in　the　administration；　that　parti…colored　France　with

no　unity　of　laws　or　of　administration；　being　rather　a　union　of　twenty

kingdoms　than　one　single　State；　so　that　one　breathes　on　reaching　the

epoch　in　which　people　enjoy　the　benefits　of　the　unity　of　the　laws；　of

the　administration；　and　of　the　territory。〃　In　effect；　he　breathes　；　in

thus　passing　from　the　former　to　the　latter　spectacle；　he　finds　real

intellectual　pleasure；　his　eyes；　offended　with　Gothic　disorder；　turn

with　relief　and　satisfaction　to　majestic　simplicity　and　classic

regularity；　his　eyes　are　those　of　a　Latin　architect　brought　up　in　the

〃école　de　Rome。〃



This　is　so　true　that；　outside　of　this　style；　he　admits　of　no　other。

Societies　of　a　different　type　seem　to　him　absurd。　He　misconceives

their　local　propriety　and　the　historical　reasons　for　their　existence。

He　takes　no　account　of　their　solidity。　He　is　going　to　dash　himself

against　Spain　and　against　Russia；　and　he　has　no　comprehension　whatever

of　England。＇41＇　…This　is　so　true　that；　wherever　he　places　his　hand　he

applies　his　own　social　system；　he　imposes　on　annexed　territories　and

on　vassal＇42＇　countries　the　same　uniform　arrangements；　his　own

administrative　hierarchy；　his　own　territorial　divisions　and　sub…

divisions；　his　own　conscription；　his　civil　code；　his　constitutional

and　ecclesiastical　system；　his　university；　his　system　of　equality　and

promotion；　the　entire　French　system；　and；　as　far　as　possible；　the

language；　literature；　drama；　and　even　the　spirit　of　his　France；　…　in

brief；　civilization　as　he　conceives　it；　so　that　conquest　becomes

propaganda；　and；　as　with　his　predecessors；　the　Cesars　of　Rome；　he

sometimes　really　fancies　that　the　establishment　of　his　universal

monarchy　is　a　great　benefit　to　Europe。



_____________________________________________________________________



Notes：



＇1＇　De　Tocqueville；　〃L'Ancien　régime　et　la　Revolution。〃　p。　64　and

following　pages；　also　p。354　and　following　pages。　…　〃The　Ancient

Régime；〃　p。　368。



＇2＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　I。；　book　I。；　especially　pp。　16；　17；　55；　61；　62…

65。　（Laffont　I。；　326；　354；　357　to　360。）



＇3＇　〃The　Ancient　Regime；〃　pp。…　36…59。　（Laff。　I。　pp。　33…48。）



＇4＇　Ibid。；　pp。　72…77。　（Laff。　I。　pp。　59　to　61。）



＇5＇　Ibid。；　pp。　78…82。　（Laff。　I。　pp。　50…52）



＇6＇　Cf。　Frédéric　Masson；　〃Le　Marquis　de　Grignan；〃　vol。　I。



＇7＇　The　Revolution；〃　I。；　p。　161　and　following　pages；　II。；　book　VI。；

ch。　I。；　especially　p。　80　and　following　pages。　（Laffont　I。　428　to　444；

632　and　II　67　to　69。）



＇8＇　Ibid。；　I。；　P。193　and　following　pages；　and　p。226　and　following

pages。（Ed。　Laffont。　I。　449　to　452；　473　to　481。）



＇9＇　　〃Souvenirs〃；　by　PASQUIER　（Etienne…Dennis；　duc）；　chancelier　de

France。　in　VI　volumes；　Librarie　Plon；　　Paris　1893。　I。；　148　（in

relation　to　the　institution　prefects　and　sub…prefects）：　〃The

perceptible　good　resulting　from　this　change　was　the　satisfaction

arising　from　being　delivered　in　one　day　from　a　herd　of　insignificant

men；　mostly　without　any　merit　or　shadow　of　capacity　and　to　who　the

administration　of　department　and　arrondissement　had　been　surrendered

for　the　past　ten　years。　As　nearly　all　of　them　sprung　from　the　lowest

ranks　in　society；　they　were　only　the　more　disposed　to　make　the　weight

of　their　authority　felt。〃



＇10＇　Guyot；　〃Répertoire　de　jurisprudence〃　（1785）；　article　King：　〃It　is

a　maxim　of　feudal　law　that　the　veritable　ownership　of　lands；　the

domain；　directum　dominium；　is　vested　in　the　dominant　seignior　or

suzerain。　The　domain　in　use；　belonging　to　the　vassal　or　tenant；

affords　him　really　no　right　except　to　its　produce。〃



＇11＇　Luchaire；〃　Histoire　des　institutions　monarchiques　de　la　France

sous　les　premiers　Capétiens；〃　I。；　28；　46。　（Texts　of　Henry　I。；　Philip

I。；　Louis　VI。；　and　Louis　VII。）　〃A　divine　minister。〃　…　（Kings　are）

〃servants　of　the　kingdom　of　God。〃　…　〃Gird　on　the　ecclesiastical　sword

for　the　punishment　of　the　wicked。〃　…　〃　Kings　and　priests　alone；　by

ecclesiastical　ordination；　are　made　sacred　by　the　anointing　of　holy

oils。〃



＇12＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　III。；　p。94。　（Laffont　II；　p。　75）



＇13＇　Janssen；　〃L'Allemagne　à　la　fin　du　moyen　age　〃　（French

translation）；　I。；　457。　（On　the　introduction　of　Roman　law　into

Germany。）　…　Declaration　of　the　jurists　at　the　Diet　of　Roncaglia：　〃Quod

principi　placuit；　legis　habet　vigorem。〃　…　Edict　of　Frederick　I。；　1165：

〃Vestigia　praedecessorum　suorum；　divorum　imperatorum；　magni

Constantini　scilicet　et　Justiniani　et　Valentini；　。　。　。　sacras　eorum

leges；　。　。　。　divina　oracula。　。　。　。　Quodcumque　imperator　constituerit；

vel　cognoscens　decreverit；　vel　edicto　praeceperit；　legem　esse

constat。〃　…　Frederick　II。：　〃Princeps　legibus　solutus　est。〃　…　Louis　of

Bavaria：　〃Nos　qui　sumus　supra　jus。〃



＇14＇　Guyot；　ibid。；　article　Régales。　〃The　great　'régales；'　majora

regalia；　are　those　which　belong　to　the　King；　jure　singulari　et

proprio；　and　which　are　incommunicable　to　another；　considering　that

they　cannot　be　divorced　from　the　scepter；　being　the　attributes　of

sovereignty；　such　as　。　。　。　the　making　of　laws；　the　interpretation　or

change　of　these；　the　last　appeal　from　the　decisions　of　magistrates；

the　creation　of　offices；　the　declaration　of　war　or　of　peace；　。　。　。　the

coining　of　money；　the　augmentation　of　titles　or　of　values；　the

imposition　of　taxes　on　the　subjects；　。　。　。　the　exemption　of　certain

persons　from　these；　the　award　of　pardon　for　crimes；　。　。　。　the　creation

of　nobles；　the　foundation　of　universities；　。　。　。　the　assembling　of　the

états…généraux　or　provinciaux；　etc。〃　…　Bossuet；　〃Politique　tirée　de

l'écriture　sainte〃：　The　entire　state　exists　in　the　person　of　the

prince。〃　…　Louis　XIV。；　〃？uvres；〃　I。；　50　（to　his　son）：　〃You　should　be

aware　that　kings　can　naturally　dispose　fully　and　freely　of　all

possessions　belonging　as　well　to　persons　of　the　church　as　to　laymen；

to　make　use　of　at　all　times　with　wise　economy；　that　is　to　say；

according　to　the　general　requirements　of　their　government。〃　…　Sorel；

〃L'Europe　et　la　Révolution　fran？aise；〃　I。；　231　（Letter　of　the

〃intendant〃　Foucault）：　〃It　is　an　illusion；　which　cannot　proceed　from

anything　but　blind　preoccupation；　that　of　making　any　distinction

between　obligations　of　conscience　and　the　obedience　which　is　due　to

the　King。〃



＇15＇　〃The　Ancient　Régime；〃　p。9　and　following　pages。　…　〃Correspondance

de　Mirabeau　et　du　Comte　de　le　Marck；〃　II。；　74　（Note　by　Mirabeau；　July

3；　1790）：　〃Previous　to　the　present　revolution；　royal　authority　was

incomplete：　the　king　was　compelled　to　humor　his　nobles；　to　treat　with

the　parliaments；；　to　be　prodigal　of　favors　to　the　court。〃



＇16＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　III。；　p。318。　（Laff。II。　p。　237…238）。　…　〃　The

Ancient　Régime；〃　p。　10　（Laff。　I。　25n。）　Speech　by　the　Chancellor

Séguier；　1775：　〃Our　kings　have　themselves　declared　that　they　are

fortunately　powerless　to　attack　property。〃



＇17＇　Rousseau's　text　in　the　〃Contrat　Social。〃　…　On　the　meaning　and

effect　of　this　principle　cf　〃The　Revolution；〃　I。；　217　and　following

pages；　and　III。；　book　VI。；　ch。　I。　Laff。　182…186　et　II。　47　to　74）。



＇18＇　The　opinion；　or　rather　the　resignation　which　confers　omnipotence

on　the　central　power；　goes　back　to　the　second　half　of　the　fifteenth

century；　after　the　Hundred　Years'　war；　and　is　due　to　that　war；　the

omnipotence　of　the　king　was　then　the　only　refuge　against　the　English

invaders；　and　the　ravages　of　the　écorcheurs。　…　Cf。　Fortescue；　〃In

leges　Angli？；〃　and〃　〃The　Difference　between　an　Absolute　and　a　Limited

Monarchy〃　（end　of　the　fifteenth　century）；　on　the　difference　at　this

date　between　the　English　and　the　French　government。　…　The　same

decision　is　found　in　the　dispatches　of　the　Venetian　ambassadors　of

this　date：　〃In　France　everything　is　based　on　the　will　of　the　king。

No