manifesto of the communist party-第1部分

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　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　MANIFESTO　OF　THE　COMMUNIST　PARTY







　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

From　the　English　edition　of　1888；　edited　by　Friedrich　Engels



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Transcribed　by　allen　lutins　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　with　assistance　from　Jim　Tarzia









　　　A　spectre　is　haunting　Europe　　the　spectre　of　Communism。　　

All　the　Powers　of　old　Europe　have　entered　into　a　holy　alliance　to

exorcise　this　spectre：　Pope　and　Czar；　Metternich　and　Guizot；

French　Radicals　and　German　police…spies。



Where　is　the　party　in　opposition　that　has　not　been　decried　as

Communistic　by　its　opponents　in　power？　　　Where　the　Opposition　　

that　has　not　hurled　back　the　branding　reproach　of　Communism；　　

against　the　more　advanced　opposition　parties；　as　well　as　against

its　reactionary　adversaries？



Two　things　result　from　this　fact。



I。　　Communism　is　already　acknowledged　by　all　European　Powers　

to　be　itself　a　Power。



II。　　It　is　high　time　that　Communists　should　openly；　in　the

face　of　the　whole　world；　publish　their　views；　their　aims；　their

tendencies；　and　meet　this　nursery　tale　of　the　Spectre　of

Communism　with　a　Manifesto　of　the　party　itself。



To　this　end；　Communists　of　various　nationalities　have

assembled　in　London；　and　sketched　the　following　Manifesto；　to　be

published　in　the　English；　French；　German；　Italian；　Flemish　and

Danish　languages。





I。　　BOURGEOIS　AND　PROLETARIANS



The　history　of　all　hitherto　existing　societies　is　the　history

of　class　struggles。



Freeman　and　slave；　patrician　and　plebeian；　lord　and　serf；

guild…master　and　journeyman；　in　a　word；　oppressor　and　oppressed；

stood　in　constant　opposition　to　one　another；　carried　on　an

uninterrupted；　now　hidden；　now　open　fight；　a　fight　that　each　time

ended；　either　in　a　revolutionary　re…constitution　of　society　at

large；　or　in　the　common　ruin　of　the　contending　classes。



In　the　earlier　epochs　of　history；　we　find　almost　everywhere　a

complicated　arrangement　of　society　into　various　orders；　a

manifold　gradation　of　social　rank。　　In　ancient　Rome　we　have

patricians；　knights；　plebeians；　slaves；　in　the　Middle　Ages；

feudal　lords；　vassals；　guild…masters；　journeymen；　apprentices；

serfs；　in　almost　all　of　these　classes；　again；　subordinate

gradations。



The　modern　bourgeois　society　that　has　sprouted　from　the　ruins

of　feudal　society　has　not　done　away　with　clash　antagonisms。　　It

has　but　established　new　classes；　new　conditions　of　oppression；

new　forms　of　struggle　in　place　of　the　old　ones。　　Our　epoch；　the

epoch　of　the　bourgeoisie；　possesses；　however；　this　distinctive

feature：　it　has　simplified　the　class　antagonisms：　Society　as　a

whole　is　more　and　more　splitting　up　into　two　great　hostile　camps；

into　two　great　classes；　directly　facing　each　other：　Bourgeoisie

and　Proletariat。



From　the　serfs　of　the　Middle　Ages　sprang　the　chartered　burghers

of　the　earliest　towns。　　From　these　burgesses　the　first　elements

of　the　bourgeoisie　were　developed。



The　discovery　of　America；　the　rounding　of　the　Cape；　opened　up

fresh　ground　for　the　rising　bourgeoisie。　　The　East…Indian　and

Chinese　markets；　the　colonisation　of　America；　trade　with　the

colonies；　the　increase　in　the　means　of　exchange　and　in

commodities

generally；　gave　to　commerce；　to　navigation；　to　industry；　an

impulse

never　before　known；　and　thereby；　to　the　revolutionary　element　in

the　tottering　feudal　society；　a　rapid　development。



The　feudal　system　of　industry；　under　which　industrial　production

was　monopolised　by　closed　guilds；　now　no　longer　sufficed　for　the

growing　wants　of　the　new　markets。　　The　manufacturing　system　took

its　place。　　The　guild…masters　were　pushed　on　one　side　by　the

manufacturing　middle　class；　division　of　labour　between　the

different　corporate　guilds　vanished　in　the　face　of　division　of

labour　in　each　single　workshop。



Meantime　the　markets　kept　ever　growing；　the　demand　ever　rising。

Even　manufacture　no　longer　sufficed。　　Thereupon；　steam　and

machinery　revolutionised　industrial　production。　　The　place　of

manufacture　was　taken　by　the　giant；　Modern　Industry；　the　place　of

the　industrial　middle　class；　by　industrial　millionaires；　the

leaders　of　whole　industrial　armies；　the　modern　bourgeois。



Modern　industry　has　established　the　world…market；　for　which　the

discovery　of　America　paved　the　way。　　This　market　has　given　an

immense　development　to　commerce；　to　navigation；　to　communication

by　land。　　This　development　has；　in　its　time；　reacted　on　the

extension　of　industry；　and　in　proportion　as　industry；　commerce；

navigation；　railways　extended；　in　the　same　proportion　the

bourgeoisie　developed；　increased　its　capital；　and　pushed　into　the

background　　every　class　handed　down　from　the　Middle　Ages。



We　see；　therefore；　how　the　modern　bourgeoisie　is　itself　the

product　of　a　long　course　of　development；　of　a　series　of

revolutions　in　the　modes　of　production　and　of　exchange。



Each　step　in　the　development　of　the　bourgeoisie　was　accompanied

by　a　corresponding　political　advance　of　that　class。　　An

oppressed　class　under　the　sway　of　the　feudal　nobility；　an　armed

and　self…governing　association　in　the　mediaeval　commune；　here

independent　urban　republic　（as　in　Italy　and　Germany）；　there

taxable　〃third　estate〃　of　the　monarchy　（as　in　France）；

afterwards；　in　the　　period　of　manufacture　proper；　serving　either

the　semi…feudal　or　the　absolute　monarchy　as　a　counterpoise

against　the　nobility；　and；　in　fact；　corner…stone　of　the　great

monarchies　in　general；　the　bourgeoisie　has　at　last；　since　the

establishment　of　Modern　Industry　and　of　the　world…market；

conquered　for　itself；　in　the　modern　representative　State；

exclusive　political　sway。　　The　executive　of　the　modern　State　is

but　a　committee　for　managing　the　common　affairs　of　the　whole

bourgeoisie。



The　bourgeoisie；　historically；　has　played　a　most　revolutionary

part。



The　bourgeoisie；　wherever　it　has　got　the　upper　hand；　has　put　an

end　to　all　feudal；　patriarchal；　idyllic　relations。　　It　has

pitilessly　torn　asunder　the　motley　feudal　ties　that　bound　man　to

his　〃natural　superiors；〃　and　has　left　remaining　no　other　nexus

between　man　and　man　than　naked　self…interest；　than　callous　〃cash

payment。〃　　It　has　drowned　the　most　heavenly　ecstasies　of

religious　fervour；　of　chivalrous　enthusiasm；　of　philistine

sentimentalism；　in　the　icy　water　of　egotistical　calculation。　　It

has　resolved　personal　worth　into　exchange　value。　　And　in　place　of

the　numberless　and　feasible　chartered　freedoms；　has　set　up　that

single；　unconscionable　freedom　　Free　Trade。　　In　one　word；　for

exploitation；　veiled　by　religious　and　political　illusions；　naked；

shameless；　direct；　brutal　exploitation。



The　bourgeoisie　has　stripped　of　its　halo　every　occupation

hitherto　honoured　and　looked　up　to　with　reverent　awe。　　It　has

converted　the　physician；　the　lawyer；　the　priest；　the　poet；　the

man　of　science；　into　its　paid　wage　labourers。



The　bourgeoisie　has　torn　away　from　the　family　its　sentimental

veil；

and　has　reduced　the　family　relation　to　a　mere　money　relation。



The　bourgeoisie　has　disclosed　how　it　came　to　pass　that　the

brutal　display　of　vigour　in　the　Middle　Ages；　which　Reactionists

so　much　admire；　found　its　fitting　complement　in　the　most　slothful

indolence。　　It　has　been　the　first　to　show　what　man's　activity　can

bring　about。　　It　has　accomplished　wonders　far　surpassing　Egyptian

pyramids；　Roman　aqueducts；　and　Gothic　cathedrals；　it　has

conducted　expeditions　that　put　in　the　shade　all　former　Exoduses

of　nations　and　crusades。



The　bourgeoisie　cannot　exist　without　constantly　revolutionising

the　instruments　of　production；　and　thereby　the　relations　of

production；　and　with　them　the　whole　relations　of　society。

Conservation　of　the　old　modes　of　production　in　unaltered　form；

was；　on　the　contrary；　the　first　condition　of　existence　for　all

earlier　industrial　classes。　　Constant　revolutionising　of

production；　uninterrupted　disturbance　of　all　social　conditions；

everlasting　uncertainty　and　agitation　distinguish　the　bourgeois

epoch　from　all　earlier　ones。　　All　fixed；　fast…frozen　relations；

with　their　train　of　ancient　and　venerable　prejudices　and

opinions；

are　swept　away；　all　new…formed　ones　become　antiquated　before　they

can　ossify。　　All　that　is　solid　melts　into　air；　all　that　is　holy

is　profaned；　and　man　is　at　last　compelled　to　face　with　sober

senses；

his　real　conditions　of　life；　and　his　relations　with　his　kind。



The　need　of　a　constantly　expanding　market　for　its　products　chases

the　bourgeoisie　over　the　whole　surface　of　the　globe。　　It　must

nestle

everywhere；　settle　everywhere；　establish　connexions　everywhere。



The　bourgeoisie　has　through　its　exploitation　of　the　world…market

given　a　cosmopolitan　character　to　production　and　consumption　in

every　country。　　To　the　great　chagrin　of　Reactionists；　it　has

drawn　from　under　the　feet　of　industry　the　national　ground　on

which　it　stood。　　All　old…established　national　industries　have

been　destroyed　or　are　daily　being　destroyed