the land of footprints-第18部分
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and even grazed the beast； if he had happened upon him where an exit was not obvious； or IF HE HAD EVEN FOLLOWED THE LION UNTIL THE LATTER HAD BECOME TIRED OF THE ANNOYANCE； he would very soon have discovered that Leo is not all good nature； and that once on his courage will take him in against any odds。 Furthermore； he may be astonished and dismayed to discover that of a group of several lions； two or three besides the wounded animal are quite likely to take up the quarrel and charge too。 In other words； in my opinion； the lion avoids trouble when he can； not from cowardice but from essential indolence or good nature； but does not need to be cornered* to fight to the death when in his mind his dignity is sufficiently assailed。
*This is an important distinction in estimating the inherent courage of man or beast。 Even a mouse will fight when cornered。
For of all dangerous beasts the lion； when once aroused； will alone face odds to the end。 The rhinoceros； the elephant； and even the buffalo can often be turned aside by a shot。 A lion almost always charges home。* Slower and slower he comes； as the bullets strike； but he comes； until at last he may be just hitching himself along； his face to the enemy； his fierce spirit undaunted。 When finally he rolls over； he bites the earth in great mouthfuls； and so passes fighting to the last。 The death of a lion is a fine sight。
*I seem to be generalizing here； but all these conclusions must be understood to take into consideration the liability of individual variation。
No； I must confess； to me the lion is an object of great respect； and so； I gather； he is to all who have had really extensive experience。 Those like Leslie Tarleton； Lord Delamere； W。 N。 MacMillan； Baron von Bronsart； the Hills； Sir Alfred Pease； who are great lion men； all concede to the lion a courage and tenacity unequalled by any other living beast。 My own experience is of course nothing as compared to that of these men。 Yet I saw in my nine months afield seventy…one lions。 None of these offered to attack when unwounded or not annoyed。 On the other hand； only one turned tail once the battle was on； and she proved to be a three quarters grown lioness； sick and out of condition。
It is of course indubitable that where lions have been much shot they become warier in the matter of keeping out of trouble。 They retire to cover earlier in the morning； and they keep more than a perfunctory outlook for the casual human being。 When hunters first began to go into the Sotik the lions there would stand imperturbable； staring at the intruder with curiosity or indifference。 Now they have learned that such performances are not healthy…and they have probably satisfied their curiosity。 But neither in the Sotik； nor even in the plains around Nairobi itself； does the lion refuse the challenge once it has been put up to him squarely。 Nor does he need to be cornered。 He charges in quite blithely from the open plain； once convinced that you are really an annoyance。
As to habits！ The only sure thing about a lion is his originality。 He has more exceptions to his rules than the German language。 Men who have been mighty lion hunters for many years； and who have brought to their hunting close observation； can only tell you what a lion MAY do in certain circumstances。 Following very broad principles； they may even predict what he is APT to do； but never what he certainly WILL do。 That is one thing that makes lion hunting interesting。
In general； then； the lion frequents that part of the country where feed the great game herds。 From them he takes his toll by night； retiring during the day into the shallow ravines； the brush patches； or the rocky little buttes。 I have； however； seen lions miles from game； slumbering peacefully atop an ant hill。 Indeed； occasionally； a pack of lions likes to live high in the tall…grass ridges where every hunt will mean for them a four… or five…mile jaunt out and back again。 He needs water； after feeding； and so rarely gets farther than eight or ten miles from that necessity。
He hunts at night。 This is as nearly invariable a rule as can be formulated in regard to lions。 Yet once； and perhaps twice； I saw lionesses stalking through tall grass as early as three o'clock in the afternoon。 This eagerness may； or may not； have had to do with the possession of hungry cubs。 The lion's customary harmlessness in the daytime is best evidenced； however； by the comparative indifference of the game to his presence then。 From a hill we watched three of these beasts wandering leisurely across the plains below。 A herd of kongonis feeding directly in their path； merely moved aside right and left； quite deliberately； to leave a passage fifty yards or so wide； but otherwise paid not the slightest attention。 I have several times seen this incident； or a modification of it。 And yet； conversely； on a number of occasions we have received our first intimation of the presence of lions by the wild stampeding of the game away from a certain spot。
However； the most of his hunting is done by dark。 Between the hours of sundown and nine o'clock he and his comrades may be heard uttering the deep coughing grunt typical of this time of night。 These curious； short； far…sounding calls may be mere evidences of intention； or they may be a sort of signal by means of which the various hunters keep in touch。 After a little they cease。 Then one is quite likely to hear the petulant； alarmed barking of zebra； or to feel the vibrations of many hoofs。 There is a sense of hurried； flurried uneasiness abroad on the veldt。
The lion generally springs on his prey from behind or a little off the quarter。 By the impetus his own weight he hurls his victim forward； doubling its head under； and very neatly breaking its neck。 I have never seen this done； but the process has been well observed and attested； and certainly； of the many hundreds of lion kills I have taken the pains to inspect； the majority had had their necks broken。 Sometimes； but apparently more rarely； the lion kills its prey by a bite in the back of the neck。 I have seen zebra killed in this fashion； but never any of the buck。 It may be possible that the lack of horns makes it more difficult to break a zebra's neck because of the corresponding lack of leverage when its head hits the ground sidewise； the instances I have noted may have been those in which the lion's spring landed too far back to throw the victim properly； or perhaps they were merely examples of the great variability in the habits of felis leo。
Once the kill is made； the lion disembowels the beast very neatly indeed； and drags the entrails a few feet out of the way。 He then eats what he wants； and； curiously enough； seems often to be very fond of the skin。 In fact； lacking other evidence； it is occasionally possible to identify a kill as being that of a lion by noticing whether any considerable portion of the hide has been devoured。 After eating he drinks。 Then he is likely to do one of two things： either he returns to cover near the carcass and lies down； or he wanders slowly and with satisfaction toward his happy home。 In the latter case the hyenas； jackals； and carrion birds seize their chance。 The astute hunter can often diagnose the case by the general actions and demeanour of these camp followers。 A half dozen sour and disgusted looking hyenas seated on their haunches at scattered intervals； and treefuls of mournfully humpbacked vultures sunk in sadness； indicate that the lion has decided to save the rest of his zebra until to…morrow and is not far away。 On the other hand； a grand flapping； snarling Kilkenny…fair of an aggregation swirling about one spot in the grass means that the principal actor has gone home。
It is ordinarily useless to expect to see the lion actually on his prey。 The feeding is done before dawn； after which the lion enjoys stretching out in the open until the sun is well up； and then retiring to the nearest available cover。 Still； at the risk of seeming to be perpetually qualifying； I must instance finding three lions actually on the stale carcass of a waterbuck at eleven o'clock in the morning of a piping hot day！ In an undisturbed country； or one not much hunted； the early morning hours up to say nine o'clock are quite likely to show you lions sauntering leisurely across the open plains toward their lairs。 They go a little； stop a little； yawn； sit down a while； and gradually work their way home。 At those times you come upon them unexpectedly face to face； or； seeing them from afar； ride them down in a glorious gallop。 Where the country has been much hunted； however； the lion learns to abandon his kill and seek shelter before daylight； and is almost never seen abroad。 Then one must depend on happening upon him in his cover。
In the actual hunting of his game the lion is apparently very clever。 He understands the value of cooperation。 Two or more will manoeuvre very skilfully to give a third the chance to make an effective spring； whereupon the three will share the kill。 In a rough country； or one otherwise favourable to the method； a pack of lions will often deliberately drive game into narrow ravines or cul de sacs where the killers are waiting。
At such times the man favoured by the c
